Table Of ContentChild Development title page 8/31/01 4:23 PM Page 1
Child
Development
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EDITOR IN CHIEF
Neil J. Salkind
University of Kansas
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Lewis Margolis
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
RESEARCH ASSISTANT
Mandy D. Goodnight
University of Kansas
EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF
Shawn Beall
Project Editor
Nancy Dziedzic
Dave Salamie
Copy Editors
William Drennan
Rebecca N. Ferguson
Proofreaders
Datapage Technologies International
Compositor
MACMILLAN REFERENCE USA
Elly Dickason, Publisher
Jill Lectka, Associate Publisher
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Child
Development
Edited by Neil J. Salkind
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Copyright © 2002 by Macmillan Reference USA, an imprint of Gale Group
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by
any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
Publisher.
Macmillan Library Reference USA Macmillan Library Reference USA
300 Park Avenue South 27500 Drake Road
New York, NY 10010 Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Child development/ edited by Neil J. Salkind.
p. cm.—(Macmillan psychology reference series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865618-0 (hc.)
1. Child development. I. Salkind, Neil J. II. Series.
HQ772.C436 2002
305.231—dc21 2001037062
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to the memory of John C. Wright, whose life
tragically ended in the summer of 2001. John was a leading
researcher and teacher in the field of child development, and an out-
spoken and passionate advocate for children and other groups who
did not have a voice of their own. His legacy is in the hundreds of stu-
dents he taught and in the colleagues he influenced to be better,
more involved, and more concerned people.
The good things in life last for limited days,
but a good name endures forever.
BEN SIRA
from The Wisdom of Ben Sira
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CONTENTS
Preface.........................................................................................ix
List of Articles..............................................................................xi
List of Contributors.....................................................................xvii
Child Development...........................................................................1
Appendix A...............................................................................441
Appendix B...............................................................................473
Index........................................................................................479
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PREFACE
Child Development, the first volume in the Macmillan • Biographies are comprised of 400 words and
Psychology Reference Series, is an extensive collec- focus on leading characters in the history of child
tion of articles about every facet of child develop- development. These are the men and women who
ment, ranging from adoption and day care to welfare are best known for the lasting and influential
programs and video games. It focuses on topics that effects of their research and writing.
are important for the educated parent, pediatrician,
Finally, the appendix is replete with visually inter-
teacher, high school and college student, or anyone
esting and easily understood tables and charts that
else interested in better understanding the how’s and
include topics such as children in various living
why’s of a child’s development.
arrangements, child poverty, and youth participating
The 289 articles are organized in a way that will in volunteer activities.
make the Encyclopedia easily understood and accessi- Each entry is followed by a bibliography.
ble. To do this, we organized the collection by creat-
ing four separate types of entries: Who Will Use This Encyclopedia?
• Overviews are articles consisting of 3,000 words This Encyclopedia is for anyone who wants to
that provide an in-depth look at a particular topic know more about the field of child development. This
in child development such as parenting, social includes parents, teachers, professionals in the health
development, or child abuse. These articles intro- fields, such as doctors and nurses, social workers,
duce the reader to all of the important ideas and lawyers, people involved in creating policies that
concepts within the topic and provide an intro- affect children and families, school board members,
duction to some of the issues and controversies and high school and college students who are inter-
important to child development specialists. ested in learning more about children or are writing
a term paper on an aspect of child development.
• The second type of article is about 1,500 words
The editors emphasized the importance of writ-
long and serves as an introduction to important
ing for an educated audience that might not yet be
topics in child development. These are a bit less
familiar with many of the terms and ideas relevant to
ambitious than the overviews, including brief dis-
understanding a child’s development. We tried to
cussions about day care, home schooling, and
make this material informative and approachable, but
friendship.
not overly technical. We hope that we have achieved
• Definitions are the third article type. These are our goal.
150-word definitions of important terms that
should be familiar to anyone interested in child
How to Use This Encyclopedia
development. Altruism, conservation, and bilin-
The topics are organized alphabetically from A to
gual education are examples of such articles. We
Z. In addition, there are several other ways to locate
created definitions of these terms rather than
information.
writing 1,500- or 3,000-word articles because we
did not feel it necessary to elaborate on these top- First, there is an extensive subject index covering
ics to the same extent. every topic mentioned in the Encyclopedia along with
ix
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x PREFACE
corresponding page numbers for that topic. This Acknowledgments
index is located in the back of the Encyclopedia.
No book is ever the product of just editors and
There are also cross-reference terms at the end of contributors. Child Development is the result of the
the entries. These terms refer to other articles that hard work put forth by several people. First, we would
contain information about the topic. For example, at like to thank Elly Dickason, Publisher, and Jill Lectka,
the end of “Attachment” there is a cross-reference to Associate Publisher, at Macmillan for the opportunity
Parent-Child Relationships. to undertake this project. Jill was especially helpful in
organizing the team that produced this volume.
Second, Shawn Beall was the project manager, and it
Who Wrote This Encyclopedia? was because of her flawless organization skills, good
nature, and record keeping that we managed to track
The topics in this encyclopedia were selected and
289 different articles by almost as many authors. On a
organized by Neil J. Salkind and Lewis Margolis (edi-
daily basis, Shawn was there to answer questions,
tor and associate editor, respectively), with the help of
remind authors of article due dates, and respond to
Mandy Goodnight. Neil J. Salkind is a professor of
queries about format. We would also like to thank
Psychology and Research in Education at the
imaging coordinator Dean Dauphinais, permissions
University of Kansas, while Lewis Margolis is a profes-
associate Julie Juengling, and senior art directors
sor of Public Health at the University of North
Tracey Rowens and Cindy Baldwin for the page and
Carolina in Chapel Hill. Mandy Goodnight is a prac-
cover design. Additional thanks goes to managing edi-
ticing school psychologist in western Kansas.
tor Betz Des Chenes for the time and effort she con-
All of the entries were written by leading experts tributed to writing captions and “putting out fires.”
in their field or those who were under their supervi-
And finally, to our contributors we want to
sion. Each author was asked to make a specific contri-
express our heartfelt thanks. The quality and tone of
bution. The diversity and excellence of the contribu-
the writing is excellent, especially given the audience
tors adds an unmistakable flavor of comprehensive- to which this volume is addressed. With authors such
ness and authority to the entries. Speaking for all of as these writing about, caring about, and working with
the editors, it was a pleasure and an honor to have children and their families, there is hope for the
such a distinguished group of scholars contribute to future and the role that children will play in building
the volume. a better world.
Neil J. Salkind
Lewis Margolis
August, 2001
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LIST OF ARTICLES
Abortion Amniocentesis Bandura, Albert
Trude Bennett Yvonne M. Caldera Robert C. Hardy
Dennie Nadeau
Androgyny Bayley, Nancy
Abstract Reasoning Claire Etaugh Tracy L. Smith
Susan Setley Anger Behavior Analysis
Acquired Immune Deficiency Mary Elizabeth Curtner-Smith Don Bushell Jr.
Syndrome Bell Curve
Antisocial Behavior
Lori Wiener Patricia A. Haensly
Anne I. H. Borge
Staci Martin
Bilingual Education
Apgar, Virginia
Deana Reimer
Acting Out Rosemary C. White-Traut
David Nelson
Jeannette M. Alvarez
Apgar Scoring System
Gillian S. Garfinkle Binet, Alfred
Joanne Bregman
Jennifer D. Wishner
Activity Level
Apnea
Janette B. Benson Birth
Evelyn B. Thoman
Leah M. Kelly Neil J. Salkind
Artificial Insemination Birth Defects
Adolescence
Marc Fritz Anita Farel
Jacquelynne S. Eccles
Robert Meyer
Asian-American Children
Adoption Maggie Hicken
Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti
David M. Brodzinsky
Birth Order and Spacing
Asthma
African-American Children James A. Troha
Ericka V. Hayes
Vonnie C. McLoyd
Birthweight
Algea O. Harrison-Hale Attachment
Martha Slay
Kathleen McCartney
Greg R. Alexander
After-School Programs
Eric Dearing
Mary Ann Pass
David Peres
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Black English
Aggression
Disorder
Aquiles Iglesias
Maria Adiyanti Sandra J. White
Blended Families
Ainsworth, Mary Dinsmore Salter Attention Span Glendessa M. Insabella
Inge Bretherton Nathan W. Gottfried
Bowlby, John
Altruism Autism Nancy Hazen
Elaine A. Blechman Bryna Siegel
Brain Development
American Sign Language Babbling and Early Words Mark H. Johnson
Donna J. Crowley Esther Dromi Michelle de Haan
xi
