Child and Adolescent Obesity: Causes and Consequences, Prevention and Management

438 Pages·2002·2.38 MB·English

by  Walter Burniat

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ChildandAdolescentObesity
This book addresses the ever-increasingproblem of obesity in children and adolescents,the
long-termhealthandsocialproblemsthatarisefromthis,andapproachestopreventionand
management.Thiscomprehensivesurveyofanimportantandgrowingmedicalproblemwill
helpinform,inXuenceandeducatethosechargedwithtacklingthiscrisis.Itcoversallaspectsof
obesityfromepidemiologyandpreventionto recentdevelopmentsinbiochemistryandgen-
etics,andtothevariedapproachestomanagementwhichareinXuencedbysocialandclinical
need.AForewordbyWilliamDietzandaforward-looking‘futureperspectives’conclusionby
PhilipJamesembraceaninternational teamof authors, allwith Wrst-hand experienceofthe
issuesposedbyobesityintheyoung.Aimedatdoctors,andallhealth-careprofessionals,itwill
beofinteresttoallthoseconcernedabouttheincreasingprevalenceofobesityinchildrenand
adolescents.
‘Theepidemicofobesityisnotyetviewedwiththeurgencythatitdemands...Thequestions
andchallengesthattheepidemicprovokesprovideuswithanexcitinganduniqueopportunity
toshapeanewWeld.’
WilliamH.Dietz
FromtheForeword
MMMM
Child and Adolescent
Obesity
Causes and Consequences,
Prevention and Management
Editedby
WalterBurniat
UniversityHospitalforChildren‘QueenFabiola’,FreeUniversityofBrussels
TimJ.Cole
InstituteofChildHealth,London
IngeLissau
NationalInstituteofPublicHealth,Copenhagen
ElizabethM.E.Poskitt
InternationalNutritionGroup,LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine
  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , United Kingdom
Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521652377
© Cambridge University Press 2002
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2002
ISBN-13 978-0-511-06853-9 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-10 0-511-06853-0 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-65237-7 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-65237-5 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
Listofcontributors xi
Foreword WilliamH.Dietz xv
Preface xix
PartI Causes 1
1 MeasurementanddeWnition 3
TimJ.ColeandMarieFranc¸oiseRolland-Cachera
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Naturalhistoryofadiposity 4
1.3 Measurementofbodyfat 4
1.4 Adiposityasproxyforlateradiposity,morbidityandmortality 14
1.5 DeWnitionofchildhoodobesity 15
1.6 Conclusions 22
1.7 References 22
2 Epidemiology 28
Miche`leGuillaumeandIngeLissau
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Epidemiologyandmethods 28
2.3 Thescaleoftheproblem 34
2.4 Conclusions 44
2.5 References 45
3 Molecularandbiologicalfactorswithemphasisonadiposetissue 50
development
MartinWabitsch
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Regulationofbodyweight 51
3.3 Singlegenedefects 52
3.4 Regulationofbodyenergystoresatadiposetissuelevel 55
3.5 Changesofbodyfatstoresduringdevelopment 55
v
vi Contents
3.6 Changesatcellularlevelrelatedtochangesinbodyfat 57
3.7 Lipidstorageinadiposetissue(lipogenesis) 58
3.8 Lipidmobilization(lipolysis) 59
3.9 Preadipocytesinhumanadiposetissue 60
3.10 ProliferationanddiVerentiationofpreadipocytes 60
3.11 Adipogenicactivityofhumanserum 60
3.12 HormonalandnutritionalfactorsregulatingadiposediVerentiation 62
3.13 Humanadipocytesaresecretorycells 65
3.14 Conclusions 66
3.15 References 66
4 Nutrition 69
MarieFranc¸oiseRolland-CacheraandFranceBellisle
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Seculartrendsofnutritionandobesity 69
4.3 Relationshipbetweennutritionandadiposity 74
4.4 Qualitativeassessmentofintakebehaviour 79
4.5 Lifestyle 83
4.6 Conclusions 85
4.7 References 86
5 PhysicalActivity 93
YvesSchutzandClaudioMaffeis
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Energyexpenditureassessment 93
5.3 Energyintakevs.energyexpenditure 94
5.4 Componentsoftotalenergyexpenditure 95
5.5 Excessenergyintakevs.lowenergyexpenditure 98
5.6 Aerobiccapacity(VO )inobesity 101
2max
5.7 Substrateoxidationandsubstratebalance 102
5.8 Conclusions 104
5.9 References 105
6 Psychosocialfactors 109
AndrewJ.HillandIngeLissau
6.1 Children’ssocialbackground 109
6.2 Attitudestoobesity 111
6.3 Children’sself-worth 115
6.4 Parentsandpeers 118
6.5 Conclusions 122
6.6 References 123
vii Contents
PartII Consequences 129
7 Clinicalfeatures,adverseeVectsandoutcome 131
KarlF.M.Zwiauer,MargheritaCaroli,EwaMalecka-TenderaandElizabethM.E.Poskitt
7.1 ClinicalWndingsandimmediateadverseeVects 131
7.2 Intermediatemedicalconsequences 142
7.3 Long-termconsequences 145
7.4 References 147
8 Theobeseadolescent 154
Marie-LaureFrelutandCarl-ErikFlodmark
8.1 Biophysicalfactors 154
8.2 Psychologicalaspects 160
8.3 References 166
9 Prader–Williandothersyndromes 171
GiuseppeChiumelloandElizabethM.E.Poskitt
9.1 Introduction 171
9.2 Endocrineproblems 171
9.3 Prader–Willisyndrome(PWS) 174
9.4 Otherobesitysyndromes 180
9.5 References 184
10 Hormonalandmetabolicchanges 189
EwaMalecka-TenderaandDe´nesMolna´r
10.1 Pituitary-adrenalaxis 190
10.2 Pituitary–gonadalaxis 192
10.3 Pituitary–thyroidaxis 194
10.4 Growthhormoneandinsulin-likegrowthfactors 195
10.5 Hyperinsulinaemiaandinsulinresistance 198
10.6 Leptin 203
10.7 References 209
11 Riskofcardiovascularcomplications 221
DavidS.Freedman,SathanurR.SrinivasanandGeraldS.Berenson
11.1 Introduction 221
11.2 Seculartrends 223
11.3 Associationswithriskfactors 224
11.4 Bodyfatpatterning 230
11.5 Longitudinalanalyses 234
11.6 Conclusions 235
11.7 References 235
viii Contents
PartIII Preventionandmanagement 241
12 Prevention 243
IngeLissau,WalterBurniat,ElizabethM.E.PoskittandTimJ.Cole
12.1 Preventionbeforemanagement 243
12.2 Whyprevention? 243
12.3 Preventionstrategy 245
12.4 Responsibilitiesforprevention 248
12.5 Reducesedentaryactivity 252
12.6 Reducepoordietaryhabits 257
12.7 Preventionprogrammes 263
12.8 Monitoringandevaluation 264
12.9 Conclusions 264
12.10 References 265
13 Home-basedmanagement 270
ElizabethM.E.Poskitt
13.1 Introduction 270
13.2 Principlesofmodifyinglifestylestoencourageslimminginobesechildren 273
13.3 Whatcanberecommended? 275
13.4 Eatinganddiet 277
13.5 Conclusions 280
13.6 References 280
14 Dietarymanagement 282
MargheritaCaroliandWalterBurniat
14.1 Introduction 282
14.2 Historyofdietarytherapy 282
14.3 Aimsofdietarytreatment 283
14.4 Typesofdiet 284
14.5 Consequencesofdieting 290
14.6 Guidelinesforweightgoalsanddietetictreatments 299
14.7 Conclusions 301
14.8 References 302
15 Managementthroughactivity 307
JanaParizkova,ClaudioMaffeisandElizabethM.E.Poskitt
15.1 Introduction 307
15.2 Aimsoftheprogrammes 308
15.3 EYcacyofexerciseinloweringfatmass 310
15.4 Generalprinciples 313