Child and Adolescent Neurology: Blackwell's Neurology and Psychiatry Access Series (Access)

672 Pages·2005·7.43 MB·English

by  Ronald David

BLACKWELL’S NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY ACCESS SERIES
Child and Adolescent
Neurology
SECOND EDITION
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Other books in Blackwell’s Neurology and Psychiatry Access Series
Sexson: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2nd Edition
Corey-Bloom: Adult Neurology, 2nd Edition
Rubin & Zorumski: Adult Psychiatry, 2nd Edition
To all the children.
To my own children and grandchildren,
but especially to those children everywhere whose lives have been touched by adversity.
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BLACKWELL’S NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY ACCESS SERIES
Child and
Adolescent
Neurology
SECOND EDITION
EDITED BY
Ronald B. David, MD, FAAP, FAAN
Richmond
Virginia
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© 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148–5020, USA
Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK
Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
The right of the Authors to be identifi ed as the Authors of this Work has been asserted in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-
ing, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
First published 1998
Second Edition 2005
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Child and adolescent neurology / edited by Ronald B. David.-- 2nd ed.
p. ; cm. -- (Blackwell’s neurology and psychiatry access series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1767-8
ISBN-10: 1-4051-1767-2
1. Pediatric neurology.
[DNLM: 1. Nervous System Diseases--diagnosis--Adolescent. 2. Nervous System
Diseases--diagnosis--Child. 3. Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological--Adolescent. 4.
Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological--Child. 5. Nervous System Diseases--therapy--
Adolescent. 6. Nervous System Diseases--therapy--Child. 7. Neurologic Examination--
Adolescent. 8. Neurologic Examination--Child. WS 340 C5352 2005] I. David, Ronald B.
II. Series.
RJ486.5.C45 2005
618.92’8--dc22
2005017015
ISBN-13: 978–1–405–117678
ISBN-10: 1–4051–1767–2
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
Set in 9.25/12pt Palatino by Sparks, Oxford – www.sparks.co.uk
Printed and bound in India by Replika Press PVT Ltd, Harayana
Commissioning Editor: Stuart Taylor
Development Editor: Nick Morgan
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paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards.
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Contents
Contributors, vii 7 Traumatic Encephalopathies, 147
H. Terry Hutchison, MD, PhD and Paul C. Lebby, PhD
Preface, xi
8 The Epilepsies, 172
Carl E. Stafstrom, MD, PhD
Section 1: Pediatric Neurologic
Evaluation 9 Movement Disorders in Childhood, 223
Editor: John B. Bodensteiner, MD Kenneth J. Mack, MD, PhD and Steven M. Shapiro, MD
1 Neurologic History, 3 10 Infections of the Central Nervous System, 247
Ronald B. David, MD and John B. Bodensteiner, MD William E. Bell, MD and Frederick W. Henderson, MD
2 The Neurologic Examination of the Preterm and 11 Vascular Disease, 274
Fullterm Neonate and of the Infant, 14 Richard H. Haas, MB, BChir
Patricia H. Ellison, MD and Donna K. Daily, MD
12 Inborn Errors of Metabolism I: Neurologic
3 The Neurologic Examination of the Young Child, 53 Degenerative Diseases, 303
Ruth D. Nass, MD Paul Maertens, MD
4 The Neurologic Examination of the School-Age and 13 Inborn Errors of Metabolism II: Disorders of Purine and
Adolescent Child, 68 Amino Acid Metabolism, 371
Ruthmary K Deuel, MD and Amy C Rauchway, DO William L. Nyhan, MD, PhD
5 Neurodiagnostic Laboratory Procedures, 82 14 Neoplastic Diseases, 389
Roger J. Packer, MD, Tobey J. MacDonald, MD, Brian R.
The Electroencephalogram, 82
Rood, MD, Kristen Forbes, MD and Robert A. Keating, MD
Warren T. Blume, MD, CM, FRCP(C)
15 Neuromuscular Disease in Children, 415
Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Pediatric
John T. Sladky, MD
Neuromuscular Disease, 99
Laurie Gutmann, MD and Jack E. Riggs, MD 16 Order and Disorders of Nervous System Development:
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, 431
Clinical Evaluation with Evoked Response Modalities,
105 Order of Nervous System Development, 431
John F. Kerrigan, MD Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom, MD
Neuroimaging Techniques, 120 Disorders of Nervous System Development, 443
Gary Hedlund, DO and James F. Bale Jr, MD John N. Gaitanis, MD and David E. Mandelbaum, MD,
PhD
Section 2: General Pediatric Neurologic 17 Disorders of Motor Execution I: Cerebral Palsy, 461
Diseases and Disorders Barry S. Russman, MD
Editor: David E. Mandelbaum, MD, PhD
18 Disorders of Motor Execution II: Higher-order Motor
6 Toxic and Metabolic Encephalopathies, 139 Defi cits, 478
Doris A. Trauner, MD Ruthmary K. Deuel, MD and Amy C. Rauchway, DO
v
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vi Contents
19 Disorders of Cognitive Function in the Preschooler, 486 23 Febrile Seizures, 549
Ruth Nass, MD and Gail Ross, PhD Deborah G. Hirtz, MD and Karin B. Nelson, MD
20 Learning Disabilities, 511 24 The Child with Attention Defi cit Hyperactivity
Max Wiznitzer, MD and Debora L. Scheffel, PhD Disorder, 558
Russell A. Barkley, PhD and Michelle M. Macias, MD
Section 3: Common Pediatric Neurologic 25 Sleep Disorders, 574
Problems O’Neill F. D’Cruz, MD and Bradley V. Vaughn, MD
Editor: Barbara Olson, MD
Appendix: A Proposed Approach to Nosology, 583
21 Coma and Other States of Altered Awareness in
Bibliography, 591
Children, 527
Stavros M. Hadjiloizou, MD and James J. Riviello Jr, MD Index, 639
22 Headaches, 540
Andrew D. Hershey, MD, PhD
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Contributors
James F. Bale Jr, MD Ronald B. David, MD, FAAP, FAAN
Division of Pediatric Neurology Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics
Suite 2700 Virginia Commonwealth University
Primary Children’s Medical Center School of Medicine
100 N. Medical Drive Saint Mary’s Hospital
Salt Lake City Bon Secours Health System
UT 84113, USA Richmond
Virginia
Russell A. Barkley, PhD VA, USA
Department of Health Professions
Medical University of South Carolina O’Neill F. D’Cruz, MD
19 Hagood Avenue Department of Neurology
Suite 910 751 Clinical Science Building
Charleston University of South Carolina
SC 29425, USA SC, USA
Warren T. Blume, MD, CM, FRCP(C) Ruthmary K. Deuel, MD
Professor of Neurology and Paediatrics St. Louis University Hospital
University Hospital Neurology
University of Western Ontario 5th FI
London 3635 Vista Ave at Grand Blvd
Ontario St. Louis
N6A 5A5, Canada MO 63110-0250, USA
William E. Bell, MD Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom, MD
Chapel Hill School of Medicine Professor of Neuroscience and Cell Biology/Pediatrics
University of North Carolina Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Chapel Hill 675 Hoes Lane, RWJSPH
NC 27514, USA Room 362
Piscataway
John B. Bodensteiner, MD NJ 08854, USA
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics and Neurology
University of Arizona Patricia H. Ellison, MD
Chief Pediatric Neurology Department of Pediatrics
Barrow Neurological Institute Adjunct Professor, Retired
St. Joseph’s Children’s Health Center University of Colorado School of Medicine
500 W. Thomas Road Denver
Suite 930 CO, USA
Phoenix
AZ 85013, USA Kristen Forbes, MD
Consultant Neuroradiologist
Donna K. Daily, MD Institute of Neurological Sciences
Department of Pediatrics Southern General Hospital
Vanderbilt University 1345 Govan Road
Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital Glasgow
Nashville G51 4TF, UK
TN, USA
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viii Contributors
John N. Gaitanis, MD Deborah G. Hirtz, MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurosciences and Pediatrics Programme Director NINDS
Brown Medical School 6001 Executive Boulevard
110 Lockwood Street Room 2212
Providence Rockville
RI 02903, USA MD 20892, USA
Laurie Gutmann, MD H. Terry Hutchinson, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Neurology and Exercise Physiology Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology
West Virginia University School of Medicine University of California
Morgantown San Francisco
WV 26506–9180, USA CA, USA
Department of Neurology
Richard H. Haas, MB, BChir Children’s Hospital Central California
UCSD Medical Center 9300 Valley Children’s Place
Pediatric Neurology Madera
9500 Gilman Drive CA 93638, USA
0935 La Jolla
CA 92093–0935, USA Robert A. Keating, MD
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics
Stavros M. Hadjiloizou, MD Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery
Staff Neurologist Children’s National Medical Center
Children’s Hospital Boston 111 Michigan Avenue NW
Instructor in Neurology Washington
Harvard Medical School DC 20010, USA
Boston
MA 02115, USA John F. Kerrigan, MD
Director
Gary L. Hedlund, DO Pediatric Epilepsy Program
Pediatric Neuroradiologist Division of Pediatric Neurology
Department of Medical Imaging Barrow Neurological Institute
Primary Children’s Medical Center St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center
100 N. Medical Drive 500 West Thomas Road
Salt Lake City Suite 930
UT 84113, USA Phoenix,
AZ 85013, USA
Frederick W. Henderson, MD
Department of Pediatrics Paul C. Lebby, PhD
Chapel Hill School of Medicine Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology
University of North Carolina University of California
5132 Bioinformatics Building San Francisco
Campus Box 7220 CA, USA
Chapel Hill Department of Neuropsychology
NC 27599, USA Children’s Hospital Central California
9300 Valley Children’s Place
Andrew D. Hershey, MD, PhD Madera
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology CA 93638, USA
University of Cincinnati
Director, Headache Center Tobey J. MacDonald, MD
Children’s Hospital Medical Center Clinical Director
3333 Burnet Ave Neuro-Oncology
Cincinnati Department of Hematology/Oncology
OH 45229, USA Children’s National Medical Center
111 Michigan Avenue NW
Washington
DC 20010, USA
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Contributors ix
Michelle M. Macias, MD Barbara Olson, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Centennial Medical Center
Medical Director Suite 216, 2400 Patterson Street
Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Nashville
Medical University of South Carolina TN 37203, USA
135 Routledge Avenue
Charleston Roger J. Packer, MD
SC 29425, USA Executive Director
Center for Neuroscience and Behavioural Medicine Chairman,
Kenneth J. Mack, MD, PhD Department of Neurology Children’s National Medical Center
Consultant in Child and Adolescent Neurology 111 Michigan Avenue NW
Mayo Clinic Washington
200 First Street SW DC 20010, USA
Rochester
MN 55902, USA Amy C. Rauchway, DO
Resident Physician
Paul Maertens, MD Department of Neurology
Univerity South Alabama Medical Center St Louis University
Neurology 3635 Vista Avenue
2451 Fillingim Street St Louis
Mobile MO 63110, USA
AL 36617, USA
Jack E. Riggs, MD
David E. Mandelbaum, MD, PhD Professor of Neurology
Professor of Clinical Neurosciences and Pediatrics Department of Neurology
Brown University West Virginia University
Providence Morgantown
RI, USA WV 26506–9180, USA
Director, Division of Child Neurology
Rhode Island and Hasbro Children’s Hospitals James J. Riviello, Jr, MD
Providence Director
RI, USA Epilepsy Program
Children’s Hospital
Ruth D. Nass, MD Boston
Professor of Clinical Neurology MA, USA
NYU School of Medicine Professor
NYU Medical Center Harvard Medical School
Department of Neurology Boston
400 East 34th Street RR 311 MA 02115, USA
New York
NY 10016, USA Brian R. Rood, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Karin B. Nelson, MD Department of Hematology/Oncology
Neuroepidemiolgy Branch NINDS Children’s National Medical Center
Building 10, Room 5S221 111 Michigan Avenue NW
10 Center Drive MSC 1447 Washington
Bethesda DC 20010, USA
MD 20892–1447, USA
Gail Ross, PhD
William L. Nyhan, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Psychology in Pediatrics and Psychiatry
UCSD Pediatrics
New York Presbyterian Hospital
9500 Gilman Drive (0830)
525 East 68th Street
La Jolla
New York
CA 92093–0830, USA
NY 10021, USA
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x Contributors
Barry S. Russman, MD Carl E. Stafstrom, MD, PhD
Doernbecher Children’s Hospital Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics
OHSU 707 SW Gaines Road Department of Neurology
CDRC-P Portland University of Wisconsin
OR 97201, USA 600 Highland Avenue
Madison
Debora L. Scheffel, PhD WI 53792, USA
Director of University Assessment
Professor Doris A. Trauner, MD
Exceptionalities, Bilingual and ESL Education UCSD Medical Center
College of Education and Behavioral Sciences Pediatric Neurology
University of North Colorado 9500 Gilman Drive
501 20th Street Mail Code 0935
Greeley La Jolla
CO 80639, USA CA 92093–0935, USA
Steven M. Shapiro, MD Bradley V. Vaughn, MD
A/D Building Room 509 Associate Professor
1200 East Broad Street Neurology
PO Box 980599 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Richmond Chapel Hill
VA 23298–0599, USA NC 27599, USA
John T. Sladky, MD Max Wiznitzer, MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Division of Neurology
Emory University School of Medicine 11100 Euclid Avenue
Chief of Neurology Cleveland
Emory Children’s Center OH 44106, USA
2040 Ridgewood Drive
Atlanta
GA, USA
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