Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice

1303 Pages·2014·65.8 MB·English

by  D H Chestnut

CHESTNUT’S
OBSTETRIC
ANESTHESIA

CHESTNUT’S
OBSTETRIC
ANESTHESIA:
PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICE
FIFTH EDITION
David H. Chestnut, MD Warwick D. Ngan Kee, BHB,
Professor of Anesthesiology MBChB, MD, FANZCA, FHKCA,
Chief, Division of Obstetric Anesthesiology FHKAM
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Nashville, Tennessee Professor
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
Formerly, Director of Medical Education
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Gundersen Health System
Shatin, Hong Kong, China
Professor of Anesthesiology
Associate Dean for the Western Academic Yaakov Beilin, MD
Campus
Professor of Anesthesiology and Obstetrics
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
and Public Health
Director of Obstetric Anesthesiology
La Crosse, Wisconsin
Vice Chair for Quality
Cynthia A. Wong, MD Department of Anesthesiology
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Professor and Vice Chair of Anesthesiology
New York, New York
Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine Jill M. Mhyre, MD
Section Chief for Obstetric Anesthesiology
Northwestern Memorial Hospital Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
Chicago, Illinois The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Little Rock, Arkansas
Lawrence C. Tsen, MD
Naveen Nathan, MD*
Associate Professor of Anaesthesia
Harvard Medical School Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology
Vice Chair, Faculty Development and Education Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Director of Anesthesia, Center for Reproductive Medicine
Medicine Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Chicago, Illinois
and Pain Medicine
*Graphics Editor
Associate Director, Center for Professionalism
and Peer Support
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
CHESTNUT’S OBSTETRIC ANESTHESIA: PRINCIPLES AND ISBN: 978-1-4557-4866-2
PRACTICE, FIFTH EDITION
Copyright © 2014 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2009, 2004, 1999, 1994 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
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With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chestnut’s obstetric anesthesia : principles and practice / [edited by] David H. Chestnut [and 5 others] ;
Naveen Nathan, graphic editor. – Fifth edition.
p. ; cm.
Obstetric anesthesia
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4557-4866-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Chestnut, David H., editor of compilation. II. Title: Obstetric anesthesia.
[DNLM: 1. Anesthesia, Obstetrical–methods. 2. Anesthetics. 3. Obstetric Labor Complications.
WO 450]
RG732
617.9′682–dc23
2013041386
Executive Content Strategist: William Schmitt
Content Development Specialist: Anne Snyder
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Kate Mannix
Design Direction: Louis Forgione
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my wife, Janet; our children, Stephen, Annie, Mary Beth, Michael and Jordan, and
John Mark and Catherine; and our grandchildren, Caleb, Emily, Hannah, and Jackson
DHC
To my husband, Lawrence, and our children, Anna, Molly, Leah, and Sofie
CAW
To my wife, Paulita; our children, London, Hamilton, and Asher;
and my parents-in-law, Deirdre and Oscar
LCT
To my wife, Rosemary, and our children, Sam, Nick, Ellie, and Katie
WDNK
To my wife, Karen; our children, Shani, Shua, and Yehuda and Aliza; my parents,
Adelle and Isaiah; and my parents-in-law, Susan and Maurice
YB
To my husband, Keith, and our children, Fiona and Rhys
JMM
Acknowledgment of Contributors
to Previous Editions
The editors gratefully acknowledge the work of the fol- Chapter 16: Problems of Early Pregnancy
lowing authors who contributed to chapters of previous Robert C. Chantigian, MD
editions of this book. Their expertise, wisdom, and schol- Paula D. M. Chantigian, MD
arship have provided the foundation for the fifth edition.
Chapter 17: Nonobstetric Surgery during Pregnancy
Chapter 2: Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy Sheila E. Cohen, MB, ChB, FRCA
Kenneth A. Conklin, MD, PhD Norah N. Naughton, MD
Anita Backus Chang, MD
Chapter 18: Obstetric Management of Labor and
Chapter 3: Uteroplacental Blood Flow Vaginal Delivery
James C. Eisenach, MD Frank J. Zlatnik, MD
Carl P. Weiner, MD
Chapter 20: The Pain of Childbirth and Its Effect on
Chapter 4: The Placenta: Anatomy, Physiology, and the Mother and the Fetus
Transfer of Drugs Theodore G. Cheek, MD
Norman L. Herman, MD, PhD Brett B. Gutsche, MD
Robert R. Gaiser, MD
Chapter 5: Fetal Physiology
Andrew P. Harris, MD, MHS Chapter 22: Systemic Analgesia: Parenteral and
Kenneth E. Nelson, MD Inhalational Agents
Marsha L. Wakefield, MD
Chapter 6: Antepartum Fetal Assessment and
Tanya Jones, MB, ChB, MRCP, FRCA
Therapy
Katharine D. Wenstrom, MD Chapter 23: Epidural and Spinal Analgesia/
Katherine Campbell, MD Anesthesia for Labor and Vaginal Delivery
Beth Glosten, MD
Chapter 9: Neonatal Assessment and Resuscitation
Brian K. Ross, MD, PhD
Rhonda L. Zuckerman, MD David H. Chestnut, MD
Marvin Cornblath, MD Edward T. Riley, MD
Linda S. Polley, MD
Chapter 10: Fetal and Neonatal Neurologic Injury
Donald H. Penning, MD Chapter 26: Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Laurence S. Reisner, MD
Chapter 12: Spinal, Epidural, and Caudal Anesthesia:
Dennis Lin, MD
Anatomy, Physiology, and Technique Krzysztof M. Kuczkowski, MD
David L. Brown, MD
Vijaya Gottumkkala, MBBS, MD, FRCA Chapter 27: Postoperative and Chronic Pain:
Systemic and Regional Analgesic Techniques
Chapter 13: Local Anesthetics and Opioids
Robert K. Parker, DO
Hilda Pedersen, MD David Hepner, MD
Mieczyslaw Finster, MD Sunil Eappen, MD
Chapter 14: Pharmacology and Nonanesthetic Drugs Chapter 28: Postoperative Analgesia: Epidural and
during Pregnancy and Lactation Spinal Techniques
Jennifer R. Niebyl, MD Raymond S. Sinatra, MD, PhD
Chakib M. Ayoub, MD
Chapter 15: In Vitro Fertilization and Other Assisted
Reproductive Technology
Robert D. Vincent, Jr., MD
vii
viii Acknowledgment of Contributors to Previous Editions
Chapter 29: Aspiration: Risk, Prophylaxis, and Chapter 38: Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage
Treatment David C. Mayer, MD
Thomas S. Guyton, MD Fred J. Spielman, MD
Charles P. Gibbs, MD Elizabeth A. Bell, MD, MPH
Kathleen A. Smith, MD
Chapter 30: The Difficult Airway: Risk, Assessment,
Prophylaxis, and Management Chapter 39: Embolic Disorders
Sheila D. Cooper, MD Kathleen M. Davis, MD
Jonathan L. Benumof, MD
Chapter 41: Autoimmune Disorders
Laurence S. Reisner, MD
Krzysztof M. Kuczkowski, MD David H. Chestnut, MD
John A. Thomas, MD
Chapter 42: Cardiovascular Disease
Carin A. Hagberg, MD
Marsha L. Thornhill, MD
Chapter 31: Postpartum Headache William R. Camann, MD
Sally K. Weeks, MBBS Miriam Harnett, MB, FFARCSI
Philip S. Mushlin, MD
Chapter 32: Neurologic Complications of Pregnancy Lawrence C. Tsen, MD
and Neuraxial Anesthesia
Chapter 44: Hematologic and Coagulation Disorders
Philip R. Bromage, MBBS, FRCA, FRCPC†
Robert B. Lechner, MD, PhD
Chapter 33: Medicolegal Issues in Obstetric
Chapter 46: Liver Disease
Anesthesia
Robert W. Reid, MD
William Gild, MB, ChB, JD
David H. Chestnut, MD
H. S. Chadwick, MD
Lisa Vincler Brock, JD
Chapter 48: Musculoskeletal Disorders
Brian K. Ross, MD, PhD
Edward T. Crosby, MD, FRCPC
Chapter 34: Preterm Labor and Delivery
Chapter 50: Obesity
Joan M. McGrath, MD
David Dewan, MD
David H. Chestnut, MD
Holly A. Muir, MD, FRCPC
Chapter 52: Renal Disease
Cynthia A. Wong, MD
Robert W. Reid, MD
Chapter 36: Hypertensive Disorders David H. Chestnut, MD
Desmond Writer, MB, ChB, FRCA, FRCPC
Chapter 54: Substance Abuse
David R. Gambling, MB, BS, FRCPC
David J. Birnbach, MD
Chapter 37: Fever and Infection
Chapter 55: Trauma and Critical Care
Harvey Carp, PhD, MD
B. Wycke Baker, MD
David H. Chestnut, MD
†Deceased
Contributors
Pedram Aleshi, MD Alexander Butwick, MBBS, FRCA, MS
Assistant Professor of Anesthesia and Perioperative Assistant Professor of Anesthesia, Stanford University
Care, University of California, San Francisco, San School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Francisco, California
William Camann, MD
Katherine W. Arendt, MD Associate Professor of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic School; Director of Obstetric Anesthesia, Brigham
College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Susan W. Aucott, MD Brendan Carvalho, MBBCh, FRCA, MDCH
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Associate Professor of Anesthesia, Stanford University
University School of Medicine; Medical Director, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Johns Hopkins
Children’s Center, Baltimore, Maryland Donald Caton, MD
Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology, University of
Angela M. Bader, MD, MPH Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
Associate Professor of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical
School; Vice Chair of Perioperative Medicine, David H. Chestnut, MD
Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Professor of Anesthesiology, Chief, Division of
Perioperative Medicine; Director, Weiner Center for Obstetric Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University
Preoperative Evaluation, Brigham and Women’s School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Formerly,
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Director of Medical Education, Gundersen Health
System; Professor of Anesthesiology, Associate Dean
Brian T. Bateman, MD, MSc for the Western Academic Campus, University of
Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, La
School; Division of Obstetric Anesthesia, Crosse, Wisconsin
Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain
Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Division Larry F. Chu, MD, MS (BCHM), MS (Epidemiology)
of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Associate Professor of Anesthesia, Director, Stanford
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, Stanford
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Yaakov Beilin, MD Robert D’Angelo, MD
Professor of Anesthesiology and Obstetrics Gynecology Professor of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University
and Reproductive Sciences, Director of Obstetric School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Anesthesiology, Vice Chair for Quality, Department
of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Joanna M. Davies, MBBS, FRCA
Mount Sinai, New York, New York Associate Professor, Director, Patient Safety Initiatives,
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,
David J. Birnbach, MD, MPH University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle,
Miller Professor and Vice Provost, University of Washington
Miami; Senior Associate Dean and Director,
University of Miami–Jackson Memorial Hospital M. Joanne Douglas, MD, FRCPC
Center for Patient Safety, University of Miami Miller Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and
School of Medicine, Miami, Florida Therapeutics, University of British Columbia;
Anesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesia, British
Brenda A. Bucklin, MD Columbia Women’s Hospital, Vancouver, British
Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Columbia, Canada
School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
ix
x Contributors
James C. Eisenach, MD Joy L. Hawkins, MD
Professor and Vice Chair for Research, Department of Professor of Anesthesiology, Director of Obstetric
Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Anesthesia, University of Colorado School of
Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
Niveen El-Wahab, MBBCh, MRCP, FRCA Paul Howell, MBChB, FRCA
Specialist Trainee (Year 7) in Anaesthesia, Imperial Consultant Anaesthetist, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital,
School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom London, United Kingdom
Tania F. Esakoff, MD Sarah J. Kilpatrick, MD, PhD
Assistant Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Associate Dean, Faculty Development, Cedars-Sinai
Angeles, California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
Roshan Fernando, MD, FRCA BettyLou Koffel, MD
Consultant Anaesthetist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Physician Emeritus, Northwest Permanente, PC,
Department of Anaesthesia, University College Portland, Oregon
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United
Kingdom Lisa R. Leffert, MD
Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical
Pamela Flood, MD School; Chief, Obstetric Anesthesia Division, Vice
Professor of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Chair, Faculty Development, Department of
Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine,
Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Francisco, San Francisco, California Massachusetts
Michael Frölich, MD, MS Karen S. Lindeman, MD
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of
Birmingham, Alabama Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Robert Gaiser, MD Elizabeth G. Livingston, MD
Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham,
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, North Carolina
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Alison Macarthur, BMSc, MD, FRCPC, MSc
Andrew Geller, MD Associate Professor, University of Toronto; Department
Obstetric Anesthesiology Fellow, Department of of Anesthesia, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto,
Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Ontario, Canada
Angeles, California
Andrew M. Malinow, MD
Tony Gin, MBChB, MD, FANZCA, FHKAM Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland
Professor of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong
Kong, China Teresa Marino, MD
Assistant Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal
William A. Grobman, MD, MBA Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston,
School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Massachusetts
Chicago, Illinois
Jill M. Mhyre, MD
Ashraf S. Habib, MBBCh, MSc, MHSc, FRCA Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, The University
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Duke University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock,
School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina Arkansas
M. Shankar Hari, Dip. Epi., MD, FRCA, FFICM Marie E. Minnich, MD, MMM, MBA, CPE
Intensive Care Medicine, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Associate, Division of Anesthesiology, Geisinger Health
Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom System, Danville, Pennsylvania