Table Of ContentChemistry in Quantitative Language
CHEMISTRY IN QUANTITATIVE LANGUAGE
Fundamentals of General Chemistry Calculations
............................................................................
Christopher O. Oriakhi, CChem, FRSC
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©ChristopherO.Oriakhi2021
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FirstEditionpublishedin2009
SecondEditionpublishedin2021
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Preface
This is the second edition of Chemistry in Quantitative Language. I am pleased that the first
edition,publishedin2009,wassowellreceivedbybothinstructorsandstudents.However,asis
typicalwithmostbooksintheirfirstedition,theusersgraciouslyprovidedseveralconstructive
suggestionstomakethebookmoreusefulfortheintendedaudience.Inaddition,onmypart,a
decadelaterIfindtheneedtoaddafewtopicsandconceptsthatwereleftoutofthefirstedition,as
wellastheneedtoreorganizethechaptersandupdatetheworkedexamplesandend-of-chapter
problems to make the book more useful. All of these have armed me with the motivation and
insightsnecessarytopreparethissecondedition.Formulatingandsolvingquantitativechemistry
problemsremainsaconcernformanystudents.Thiseditionsharesthesameobjectiveofmaking
problem-solvinginchemistrymorepleasurableandexciting,sostudentscanhopefullyfacetheir
examinationswitheaseandpasswithflyingcolors.
Thissecondeditionhasbeenrevisedextensivelyandincorporatesmanyminorchangesthan
canbeincludedhere.Themostsignificantchangesinclude:
• Theoriginalfirsttwochapters(EssentialMathematicsandSystemofMeasurement)have
beenremovedandmadeavailableintheAppendix.
• I have added principal new materials broken down into two new chapters (Chemical
Bonding 1: Basic Concepts, and Chemical Bonding 2: Modern Theories of Chemical
Bonding) as these are foundational college chemistry materials; the latter chapter deals
specificallywithmolecularshapesandstructure.
• ThroughoutthebookIhaveaddednewproblemswithvaryingdegreeofdifficulties,while
othershavebeencombined,revised,orreplaced.
ThroughoutthebookIhaveadheredtothephilosophybehindthefirstedition,whichwasto
introducetheconceptsoftheunderlyingchemistryfollowedbyaseriesofworkedexampleto
show students how the calculations are done and to hopefully enable them to appreciate what
isinvolved.Attheendofeachchapterareaseriesofproblemsthatrangefromverysimpleto
thoserequiringmoretimeandenergy.Eachprobleminthebookhasbeensolvedandchecked
independently by Ted LaPage. Answers for all the problems are in the Solutions to Problems
chapterattheendofthebook.
If you have used this book and found any errors or have comments, suggestions, and
recommendationsforfuturerevisionsandadditions,pleasefeelfreetoreachouttomebyemail
[email protected].
v
Acknowledgement
PreparationofthesecondeditionofChemistryinQuantitativeLanguagebenefitedgreatlyfrom
theimmensesupportandencouragement ofmyfamilyandsomeamazingfriends,colleagues,
andstudents.
IbeginbyexpressingmysincereappreciationtoTedLaPageforhisindispensablecontribu-
tionstothisedition.Inadditiontohisgreatsenseofhumor,dedication,andfriendship,Tedread
theentiremanuscript,solvedtheproblems,andsuggestedmanyimprovementsinbothcontent
andstyle.
Suggestionsandconstructivefeedbackfromstudentsandfacultywhohaveusedthebookare
particularlyhelpfulanddeeplyappreciated.Manyofyoursuggestionshavebeenincorporated
intothisrevision.
IalsothankthevariouspersonsatOxfordUniversityPressespeciallyKatherineWard,Sonke
Adlung,andHarrietKonishifortheirdedicationandfriendlysupportingettingthisprojectto
thefinishlineinarecordtime.
Finally, this acknowledgement would beincomplete without saying how much I appreciate
thelove,patience,support,andencouragementIreceivedfrommyfamilyandfriendsatalltimes.
Inparticular,Idedicatethiseditiontothememoryofmother,MrsIkhiwiOriakhi,whoinspired
thiswork.
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Contents
1 AtomicStructureandIsotopes 1
1.1 AtomicTheory 1
1.2 TheStructureoftheAtom 2
1.3 Isotopes 4
1.4 RelativeAtomicMass 5
1.5 Problems 7
2 FormulaandMolecularMass 9
2.1 FormulaMass 9
2.2 MolecularMass 9
2.3 MolarMass 10
2.4 Problems 11
3 TheMoleandAvogadro’sNumber 13
3.1 TheMoleandAvogadro’sNumber(N ) 13
A
3.2 TheMoleandMolarMass 13
3.3 CalculatingtheNumberofMoles 13
3.4 Problems 18
4 FormulasofCompoundsandPercentComposition 19
4.1 PercentComposition 19
4.2 TypesofChemicalFormula 22
4.3 EmpiricalFormulafromCombustionAnalysis 25
4.4 MolecularFormula 27
4.5 Problems 29
5 ChemicalFormulasandNomenclature 31
5.1 GeneralBackground 31
5.2 ChemicalFormula 32
5.3 OxidationNumbers 32
5.4 WritingtheFormulasofCompounds 34
5.5 NomenclatureofInorganicCompounds 37
5.6 Problems 40
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