Table Of ContentSUGAR SCIENCES
Vol. 1. Standard Fabrication Practices for Cane Sugar Mills (Delden)
Vol. 2. Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar (Baikow)
Vol. 3. By-Products of the Cane Sugar Industry (Paturau)
Vol. 4. Unit Operations in Cane Sugar Production (Payne)
Vol. 5. Noël Deerr: Classic Papers of a Sugar Cane Technologist (Payne,
Compiler)
Vol. 6. The Energy Cane Alternative (Alexander)
Vol.7. Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering (Hugot, 3rd edition)
Vol. 8. Management Accounting for the Sugar Cane Industry (Fok Kam)
Vol. 9. Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet and Sugarcane (Clarke and
Godshall, Editors)
sugar series, 9
chemistry and
processing of
sugarbeet and
sugarcane
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing
of Sugarbeet, Denver, Colorado, April 6,1987 and the Symposium
on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarcane, New Orleans,
Louisiana, September 3-4,1987
edited by
Margaret A. Clarke and Mary An Godshall
Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans,
Louisiana 70124, U.S.A.
Elsevier
Amsterdam — Oxford — New York — Tokyo 1988
ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V.
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ISBN 0-444-43020-2(Vol. 9)
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© Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1988
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Printed in The Netherlands
This book is dedicated to the memory of
Benjamin A. Oxnard
VII
PREFACE
In 1987, the American Chemical Society held its spring meeting in
Denver, Colorado, an historic center of the U.S. beet sugar industry, and
its fall meeting in New Orleans, a traditional center of the U.S. cane sugar
industry. The settings initiated the idea for symposia on the two sugar
crops and their processing industries. Papers from these symposia are
published in this book.
The world of sugar production has undergone massive changes in the last
ten years: increased production in the European countries has made an
additional three to four million tons of white sugar annually available on
world markets; replacement of cane and beet sugars in the U.S. by cheaper
corn syrups has reduced imports from sugarcane-growing tropical countries by
80Z or almost four million tons; increase in sugar consumption within these
same countries has increased the demand there for white sugar and created a
demand for systems to produce more high grade white sugars for small initial
investment.
The overall effect has been an apparent surplus of sugar, now
fortunately diminishing. The ample supply has had its negative effect on
price, and so processing costs have been tightly trimmed, or, in many
countries, cut to the bone. There is pressure on technologists to develop
more efficient and lower cost processes, and so technological changes have
emerged from the pressure of changing markets.
The purposes of this book, and of the symposia, are:
1. To present recent developments in beet and cane sugar manufacturing
as part of a picture of current sugar technology.
2. To present the chemistry of sugar processing and products
3. To consider trends and future possibilities in sugar production
systems and products.
To these ends, the papers herein, by various international authorities
in the sugar industries, have been collected. The book is in two sections,
beet and cane; each section begins with an overview of the crop and the
production systems that serves as a framework for the papers that follow.
Several papers—those on sucrose chemistry (Chapters 16, 18, and 23),
sucrose and health (Chapter 19) and Chapters 7, 8, 10 and 21—are relevant
to both sugarcane and sugarbeet.
The editors wish to express thanks to the Officers of the Agricultural
and Food Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society, under whose
auspices the Symposia on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet and
Sugarcane were held. We express our thanks to the Board of Directors of
Sugar Processing Research, Inc., for their support for the Symposia and the
editing of this book, and to Southern Regional Research Center for the use
of facilities.
Vili
We offer our gratitude and appreciation to the contributors to this
book, and to their principals, for their time and efforts in participating
in the symposia and composing these papers.
We extend special thanks to our editorial assistant, Jacqueline E.
Smith, for her extensive and untiring efforts in assembling, typing and
formatting this material.
February, 1988. Margaret A. Clarke
New Orleans, Louisiana Mary An Godshall
IX
CONTRIBUTORS
VISTI ANDERSSON, DDS Engineering, P. 0. Box 2249, DK-1019, Copenhagen K,
Denmark.
SVEN BARFOED, DDS Engineering, P. 0. Box 2249, DK-1019, Copenhagen K,
Denmark.
STANLEY E. BICHSEL, American Crystal Sugar Company, 1700 N. 11th Street,
Moorhead, Minnesota USA 56560.
G. NORRIS BOLLENBACK, (The Sugar Association; retired), 4739 Berkeley
Terrace N.W., Washington, D.C. USA 20007.
NICHOLAS W. BR0UGHT0N, British Sugar plc, Research Center, Colney Lane,
Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB.
B. W. BROWN, British Sugar plc, Research Center, Colney Lane, Colney,
Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB.
MARGARET A. CLARKE, Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee
Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana USA 70124.
MICHAEL CLEARY, American Crystal Sugar Company, 1700 N. 11th Street,
Moorhead, Minnesota USA 56560.
MARY A. GODSHALL, Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd.,
New Orleans, Louisiana USA 70124.
T. R. HANSSENS, Suiker Unie U.A., Postbus 1308, 4700 BH Roosendaal, The
Netherlands.
RHETT HARRIS, West India Rum Refinery, Brighton, St. Michael, Barbados.
ROBERT A. JOHNSON, Syrinx Research Institute Pty. Ltd., P. 0. Box 1583,
Bundaberg, Queensland 4670, Australia.
GRAHAM C. JONES, British Sugar plc, Research Center, Colney Lane, Colney,
Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB.
HAYDN F. JONES, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, Tate and Lyle plc,
Whiteknights, P. 0. Box 68, Reading, Berks., United Kingdom RG6 2BX.
RIAZ KHAN, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, Tate and Lyle plc,
Whiteknights, P. 0. Box 68, Reading, Berks., United Kingdom RG6 2BX.
RICHARD A. KITCHEN, B.C. Sugar Refining Company, P. 0. Box 2150, Vancouver,
B.C., Canada V6B 3V2.
KEES KOERTS, Suiker Unie U.A., Postbus 1308, 4700 BH Roosendaal, The
Netherlands.
X
MICHEL S. LEFEBVRE, Syrinx Research Institute Pty. Ltd., MLC Centre,
Martin Place, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
B. L. LEGENDRE, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A., Sugarcane Research
Unit, Houma, Louisiana USA 70361.
LEIF H. RAMM-SCHMIDT, Finnish Sugar Company, Ltd., Porkkala Plant, 02460
Kantvik, Finland.
GEOFFREY N. RICHARDS, Wood Chemistry Laboratory, University of Montana,
Missoula, Montana USA 59812-1201.
JOHN A. RICHMOND, Holly Sugar Corporation, P. 0. Box 1052, Colorado Springs,
Colorado USA 80901.
RICHARD RIFFER, C and H Sugar Company, Crockett, California USA 94525.
CARLOS E. VAZ RUSSELL, Copersucar, Centro de Technologia, P. 0. Box 162,
13400 Piracicaba, S.P., Brazil.
DAVID SARGENT, British Sugar pic, Research Center, Colney Lane,
Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB,
HUBERT SCHIWECK, Suddeutsche Zucker AG, Postfach 1127, 6718 Grünstadt I,
Federal Republic of Germany.
MERVYN SHORE, British Sugar pic, Research Center, Colney Lane,
Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom NR4 7UB.
GARRY A. SMITH, Crops Research Laboratory, U.S.D.A., 1701 Center Avenue,
Fort Collins, Colorado USA 80526.
GEORGE STEINLE, Suddeutsche Zucker AG, Postfach 1127, 6718 Grünstadt I,
Federal Republic of Germany.
ROBERT W. STRICKLAND, Holly Sugar Corporation, P. 0. Box 1052, Colorado
Springs, Colorado USA 80901.
JAN TJEBBES, Sockerbolaget, P. 0. Box 6, 232 00 Arlöv, Sweden.
ROBERT R. TROTT, Tate and Lyle Process Technology, 55 Liddon Road, Bromley,
Kent, United Kingdom BRI 2SR.
W.S. CHARLES TSANG, Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee
Blvd., New Orleans, Louisiana USA 70124.
DAVID WEST, Sugar Technology Research Unit, Edgehill, St. Thomas,
Barbados, West Indies.
Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet and Sugarcane, edited by M.A. Clarke and M.A. Godshall
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1988 — Printed in the Netherlands
Chapter 1 1
AN OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY
S. E. BICHSEL
INTRODUCTION
The United States beet sugar industry derives its historical origin
from the European beet sugar industry beginning in France and Germany in the
early 1800*s. At the present time sugarbeets are produced in 12 states
located in the western and central part of the United States as indicatd in
Figure 1. Since the inception of the U.S. beet industry in 1900, there has
been a dramatic increase in yield per acre and harvested acres of
sugarbeets, from a minimal amount in 1900 to approximately 1.4 million acres
(5.67 x 10s ha) harvested at an average yield/acre of 19.0 tons (17.24
tonnes) (Figure 2). The increase in acres of land dedicated to sugarbeet
production and the increase in productivity per acre resulted primarily from
sugar price stability, advances in cultural practices, and the availability
of disease resistant monogerm hybrid sugarbeet varieties which offered
adequate resistance against common sugarbeet diseases and reduced labor
costs associated with thinning the original multigerm varieties. The
combination of stable sugar costs to the consumer, and technological
advances in sugarbeet production in the field and beet sugar production in
the factory, ensured the growth of the domestic beet sugar industry.
Figure 3 shows the increasing trend in refined sugar production/acre
from the mid 60's through the mid 80*s. During this period, continuous
gains were made in agronomic practices and hybrid sugarbeet variety
productivity in the field. Improvement in refined sugar production/acre
compensated for the decrease in harvested acres as indicated in a flat total
refined sugar production trend approximating 60 million cwt (2.7 million
tonnes) of domestic beet sugar produced from the mid 60*s through the mid
80*s (Figure 4).
The field production of sugarbeets followed by storage and subsequent
processing to produce refined sugar for sale are described in this paper.
2
LEGEND
Y///\ SU«H. Ikvl Counties
| | Sun.»r OIK· Counlio
"V IWvl Siifrir I'Uils
. Clin· Su>vw Mills
Fig. 1. The beet sugar industry in the United States. Grey areas represent
counties where sugarbeets are grown.
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CROP YEAR
Fig. 2. Harvested acres and yield/acre vs years.
