Chemistry Abstracts 1 Judges, please do NOT pre-judge these abstracts. They should only be used ...

50 Pages·2015·1.29 MB·English

Chemistry Abstracts

Judges, please do NOT pre-judge these abstracts. They should only be used to gain a better
understanding of the projects you will see on State Science Day.
GENE—General Chemistry

Elijah Tebbe Ferrofluid CHE
In researching for a project the researchers were inspired by a video on youtube called ferrofluid. It was
very interesting so the researchers agreed to do a science experiment related to ferrofluid.While waiting
for ferrofluid to come the group formed an hypothesis. The group’s hypothesis was, the length of the
ferrofluid spikes will be longest at the hottest temperature. The experiment was designed and when the
ferrofluid arrived the experiment was started. Goggles, gloves, and protective shirts were worn during
the experiment. The first task was to change the temperature of the neodymium magnets. The cold
magnet was frozen with dry ice. The temperature of the magnet was measured using an electronic
thermometer. The temperature went down to 0 degrees fahrenheit. The group then dropped the
magnet into the ferrofluid and a measurement was made on how long the spikes were with a toothpick
and this measurement was record. For the second test the group did the same thing, but did it at room
temperature.Then the group put the neodymium magnet on a hot plate and waited until the magnet
was 144 degrees fahrenheit. The magnet was then immediately put it in the ferrofluid and the
measurement process was repeated. The groups conclusion found that the hypothesis was incorrect.
Cold affected the ferrofluid much more than hot did.

Adam Hamdan The Effects of Soda on Teeth CHE ANAL
The science experiment I chose to conduct involved determining which of five commonly drank sodas
along with Carbonated water and water would be the most damaging to your tooth enamel. After my
initial research, I came across five different types of sodas along with carbonated water and water as a
baseline. These five sodas were named: Clear, Orange, Root beer, Cola A, and Cola B. I also gathered
adult teeth of near equal weight and from people of near equal age for each of the four trials for my
experiment. I then checked their weights each day to see how much weight they lost from yesterday
and from their original weight inside each soda for five days. At the end of each of the four trials, I
concluded that the worst of all the sodas was Cola B followed by Cola A, with Clear and Orange falling in
the middle, and Root beer, Carbonated, and Water appearing to be the healthiest of all the drinks. After
the results came in I was pleased to say that my hypothesis was accepted by stating that Cola B was
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going to be the worst. I believe that my experiment produced accurate results and provided data to tell
the world which soda was the worst for your teeth and caused the most tooth enamel.
Emily Kaufman Nail Polish: Is it really all it's cracked up to be? CHE ANAL
For this experiment I tested the durability of nail polish, and what would happen when I put it through
several tests of everyday life. After repeating the experiment for seven days I was able to figure out
which polish was actually the strongest. I painted plastic rectangles with nail polish and put them
through several tests. In the end Diamond changed the least and Impossible changed the most.

Haley Hoersten Homemade Instant Ice Pack vs Store Bought Instant Ice Pack CHE ANAL
Most people use an ice pack when they have pain or an injury. The goal of this experiment was to see if
the researcher could make an instant ice pack stay colder and last longer than ones sold in stores.
This researcher hypothesized if ammonium chloride is added to water, it will stay colder for a longer
duration, than an instant ice pack sold in stores, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and urea.
There were five different chemicals used in this experiment. The researcher started by pouring one
hundred and twenty milliliters of water into a glass bowl. After taking the water’s temperature the
researcher added a chemical. Every fifteen, thirty, forty-five seconds, and every minute up to thirty
minutes the temperature was recorded.
After experimentation it was found that the instant ice packs sold in stores had the coldest temperature
of -2.5 and stayed under zero degrees for eight minutes.
It was concluded that the hypothesis was not supported. The experiment showed that the instant ice
packs sold in stores would be better than making your own.

Shelby Ewing The Effectiveness of Higher Costing, Higher SPF-Valued Sunscreen Versus Lower
Costing, Lower SPF-Valued Sunscreen in Blocking Ultraviolet Radiation CHE ANAL
The issue of ultraviolet radiation is a severe one. To allow people to gain valuable knowledge on the
matter, we tested the effectiveness of sunscreen in relationship to the cost. The experiment was
designed to help people learn about protection from ultraviolet radiation and learn the most effective,
yet appropriately priced, methods to avoid over exposure to radiation. In our experimentation, SPF 15,
30, and 50 sunscreen in three different brands each was tested against ultraviolet radiation from an
ultraviolet lamp. During the experiment, one type of sunscreen was coated onto a sheet of glass. The
glass was then put into a wooden box in between the ultraviolet lamp and an ultraviolet meter, which
picks up the amount of ultraviolet radiation present. The UV light was turned on, and the UV meter
detected the amount of ultraviolet radiation that passed through the glass and sunscreen. With the
results, we discovered that SPF 30 and SPF 50 sunscreen protect nearly equally from harmful ultraviolet
rays. With this observation, it is proven that people can buy less expensive SPF 30 sunscreen over more
expensive SPF 50 sunscreen and still be safely shielded from UVR, which can cause many unwanted
diseases. In the current time of economic crisis, the little things can help, and knowing this proven
theory may help people use their money in the most useful way.
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Ryan Morton-Strauss Study of the effectiveness of clumping cat litter CHE anal
The purpose of this experiment was to find which clumping cat litter worked the best. In order to
understand this experiment one must understand the different types of cat litter and the chemical
composition of cat urine, and its effects on clumping cat litter. It was hypothesized that if different types
of cat litter are tested on clumping ability, then the pine will work the best. When the fibers in pine get
wet they retract and during this they catch each other forming an interlacing clump. This is the reason
pine will clump the best. The materials that were used were different types of litter including;
clay(clumping and non clumping), corn, pine, and paper. Each type of cat litter was placed into a pan and
had ¼ of a cup of water poured on it and then measured before and after it was scooped. The steps
were done with each type of cat litter. After testing it was found that the clumping clay and corn litters
performed the best and were equally matched while the pine litter placed last with no clumping ability.
The non-clumping clay litter performed poorly also . This information is important for the everyday
consumer and pet owner.

Micaela Schempf Amounts of Electrolytes in Sports Drinks vs. Natural Drinks CHE ANAL
There have been long-standing debates on the benefit of sports drinks for hydration. Athletes across the
world use sports drinks to help hydrate themselves throughout practices or long workouts. Recently,
many people are saying that natural drinks are even better than sports drinks at replenishing
electrolytes to hydrate. This project seeks to prove which is better by testing the current in each. For the
sports drink, I used Gatorade and for the natural drink, I used coconut water. A multimeter was
connected to a battery and a straw using alligator clips, battery clips, and copper wire. The multimeter
tested the current through the straw in milli-amps. The higher the current is, the better conductance the
drink has which means that there are more electrolytes. This test was conducted four times on three
different days. I tested distilled water, tap water, coconut water, and Gatorade. The end of the testing
showed a tremendous amount of electrolytes in the natural drink compared to the amount in the sports
drink. My hypothesis was that coconut water will have a higher amount of conductance than the sports
drink because it has more electrolytes. My hypothesis was supported, in turn supports the conclusion
that natural drinks like coconut water have a higher amount of electrolytes than a sports drink like
Gatorade to hydrate the consumer better.

Nick Hakes The Effect of Wrappers on the Melting Rate of Chocolate CHE ANAL
My project, ‘The Effect of Wrappers on the Melting Rate of Chocolate,’ is a chemistry project focused on
finding a better overall solution to the chocolate wrapper. The goal of my experiment was to find a
wrapper that could withstand higher temperatures while still remaining cost effective. The idea came
from problems in Africa where companies lose hundreds of millions every year due to melted chocolate.
My hypothesis was that if I used a stronger, thicker wrapper, then the Hershey's milk chocolate would
take longer to melt. I tested a wide variety of wrapping materials, such as aluminum foil and newspaper,
and wrapped them over a single uniform square of a Hershey milk chocolate bar. I then tested the time
it took for the chocolate, not the wrapper, to reach the universal melting point of 30 degrees celsius. No
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current chocolate wrapper averaged above 90 seconds, while newspaper won overall with a 165 second
average. I also tested two layered wrappers, with one being newspaper and the current Hershey
wrapper. This combination proved to be a strong choice with a 185 second average. I also researched
and took into consideration things like environmental impact, safety, ease of mass production, and the
price per metric ton. Overall, the current Hershey chocolate wrapper proved to be an inadequate
wrapper, while layered wrappers and materials such as newspaper proved to be great solutions. The
impact of this experiment is large, as it opens the door for the improvement of the current chocolate
wrapper.

Katie Arendt Do the active ingredients affect the hold time of hairspray? CHE ANAL
The active ingredient in hairspray is a fixative. A fixative can be a polymer, copolymer, type of gum, or
sugar. The hypothesis was that the hairspray with the most copolymers will have the longest hold time.
A single strand of hair was knotted around a dowel. Then it was slipped off and sprayed with one of
seven hairsprays. After drying for an hour, the hair was cut. A timer was started. When the bottom
pieces of hair touched, the timer was stopped. The time recorded was the hold time. The hairspray with
the longest hold time was the best. Hairspray A had the longest hold time, and Hairspray G made with
sugar and water had the worst hold time. Hairspray A had two copolymers, while Hairspray G had none.
My hypothesis was partially supported. The hairspray with the most copolymers did have the longest
hold time, but the rest were not in order of number of copolymers.

Siva Keerthi Pelluru Vitamin C in Organic Vs. Inorganic Fruits CHE ANAL
The purpose of doing my experiment was to see if there was really more Vitamin C in the organic fruits
than the conventional fruit. This experiment could help society see if there was really more nutritional
value in organic fruits.
Vitamin C is also called ascorbic acid. It is vital for the immune system, and helps healing wounds.
Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy, so it is important to consume the proper amount.
My hypothesis was if four different organic fruits and their conventional counterparts are analyzed with
a Vitamin C redox titration then the organic fruits will have more Vitamin C. The procedure of doing this
experiment is a method called titration. There is three substances used: the indicator, the tirant, and the
solution. The indicator is the soluble starch. When all the Vitamin C is bound, the excess triode turns the
indicator dark.
My results supported my hypothesis; which is if four organic and conventional fruits are tested, the
results were there was greater Vitamin C in the organic fruits than then the conventional. The
conventional apple had an average of three mg of Vitamin C, while the organic apple had an average of
four mg. The conventional orange had 33 mg of Vitamin C while the organic orange had 4o mg. Also,
the organic kiwi had 38 mg of Vitamin C, however the conventional kiwi had only 31 mg. Finally, the
conventional banana had 10 mg of Vitamin C, while the organic banana had 14 mg of Vitamin C."

Emily Yacapraro Which carpet stain remover removes stains the best? CHE ANAL
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This project is to determine which carpet stain remover removes stains the best. Carpet squares will be
stained with mud, ketchup and grape juice. The carpet squares will have a designated amount of stain
applied to them and will soak and be scrubbed for a designated amount of time. Each carpet stain
remover will receive an average score. A carpet ranking system will be used to score the removal of the
stain. All of the carpet stain removers scored well on the removal of grape juice but the homemade
carpet stain remover had the best overall score for all three stains.

Vishakha Gupte Acidity of Organic and Non-Organic Produce CHE ANAL
The controversy over buying organic versus non-organic food is widespread and heavily discussed, and it
is often wondered if the additional price is worth the health benefits of buying organically. The aim of
this experiment is to see if there is a difference in the acidity of organic and non-organic produce. It was
predicted that there would be no major difference in the acidity of the organic and non-organic
produce. In this experiment, a blender, a pH meter, distilled water, and eight different fruits and
vegetables were used. The hypothesis was supported by the results. The most notable difference was a
small 0.23. It may not be worth spending the extra money to buy organic if acidity is the main concern
of the consumer as there is no major difference. This experiment is significant because it can help
people decide if organic produce is the right option for them.

Julia Pei Hydrophobic paper spray mass spectrometry to detect illicit drugs CHE ANAL
The objective of this project was to optimize the new method of hydrophobic paper spray mass
spectrometry. In paper spray ionization (PSI), a sample is simply placed on a paper triangle and a high
voltage (kV) is applied to the wet paper triangle. This process releases charged micro-droplets that
contain the analyte of interest, which are then transported to the mass spectrometer (MS) for
characterization. Currently, a major problem that occurs during PSI is the matrix effect. The ‘matrix’
refers to all components in the sample other than the analyte(s) of interest; they tend to overshadow
the analyte, creating noise in the mass spectrum. It was hypothesized that a hydrophobic treatment of
ordinary paper could act as an extraction medium to absorb organic compounds whilst excluding
aqueous-based matrixes from the paper surface. This selective absorption was expected to make
identification of a target drug with mass spectrometry easier and more sensitive. Results from MS
analysis of benzoylecgonine (289.33 g/mol) showed that at both 4 kV and 2.5 kV, there were higher
relative abundances of benzoylecgonine when using treated hydrophobic paper than the untreated
paper. This suggests that the hydrophobic paper was able to selectively absorb the drug of interest and
increase the efficacy of paper spray mass spectrometry. This research is important because it could
allow for in-situ sample (e.g., urine and blood) preparation, a capability that has obvious implication in
field analysis using portable MS instruments. The clinical application of this research would be
therapeutic drug monitoring from untreated bio-fluids.

Jacob Richards Which Brand of Orange Juice Has the Most Vitamin C? CHE ANAL
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I wanted to see what the best brand of orange juice was for my family to buy. I tested the amounts of
Vitamin C in different brands of orange juice. I thought Tropicana would be best.
I used a method called titration to test each juice. It involved a test solution of info phenol, test tubes,
droppers, and ten different types of orange juice. I tested each of the orange juices three times and
recorded the averages. The test was to see how many drops of juice it would take to turn the undo
phenol test solution from deep blue to crystal clear.
The Old Orchard brand frozen orange juice had the most Vitamin C and the Minute Maid brand orange
juice had the least.
My hypothesis was wrong.

Lauren Garan Lip Balm Chemistry CHE ANAL
The purpose of my project is to see which ingredients added to a basic lip balm formula is most
appealing to the consumer. I chose this project because I am interested in chemistry and think that
when you are testing different formulas you could possibly invent something new.
The idea is to test different formulas of lip balm to see if the consumer prefers texture, scent or the way
a product looks.
Formula one was the basic recipe. It contained tea tree oil, beeswax, petroleum jelly, pure honey,
vitamin E oil and Vitamin E cream. The second formula contained all of the ingredients from formula one
plus peppermint oil and one drop of red food coloring. Formula three had the additive of sweet orange
oil with orange coloring. In formula four I added vanilla and red coloring.
My results were that formula three was the testers favorite because it had the best scent and color.
Even though it had the same moisturizing effect as the other formulas.
I conclusion I found that my hypothesis was correct I thought that the consumer would prefer color and
scent over moisture and texture. I found out during the process of making the lip balm that the beeswax
when heated does not absorb the food coloring well. I will probably continue to create other lip balm
recipes since I found the project to be such an excitement.

Heather Milliron How Permanent is a Permanent Marker? CHE ANAL
This project was to see if a permanent marker is actually permanent. A Sharpie Pro marker was used in
this project. The hypothesis is that a Sharpie Pro marker is not permanent. The hypothesis was proven
correct. Sixty marks were put on a sheet of glass. The following six cleaners, 409, Clorox Cleanup,
Windex, Method, Simple Green, and vinegar were used on ten different marks each. My control was
using the same amount of cleaner on each mark. Also using the same type of cloth and wiping only one
time. I also used glass as my only testing surface. Possible errors could have been splattering of cleaner
when applying it to the mark, and the thickness and length of the mark drawn. The importance of this
project was to test whether a marker labeled permanent is actually permanent on a nonporous surface
such as glass.

Bailey Kreft Cookies - Changing Ingredients CHE ANAL
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I am testing whether changing the consistency of the ingredients in the recipe, how will it affect the
taste and appearance of the cookie. The purpose of this experiment is to determine how important each
ingredient is in the recipe. The hypothesis is based using a controlled recipe and changing 3 key
ingredients to determine any changes.
To begin the experiment, the first step is to make the original cookie first. The second batch will replace
baking soda for baking powder, using the same measurement. The third batch, will have an increase of
flour from 1 cup 2 tablespoons to 2 cups of flour. The final batch will replace the room temperature
butter with melted butter. Each batch will be baked at 350 degrees for ten minutes. There will be taste
testers who blindly review each cookie based on taste and appearance, with a final tally to determine
what batch tasted and looked the best.
The original hypothesis that the original controlled cookie batch would taste and appear visually the
best was not correct. Based upon the reviews of the testers, the batch that received the most praise for
taste and appearance was batch number four.
The overall answer to the hypothesis was that the melted butter made for the best tasting and
appearance out of the cookie batches. The controlled batch was a close second. The third favorite
cookie was replacing baking soda with baking powder. The least favorite cookie was the increased flour
cookie.

Jordan Copeland Plop Plop Fizz Fizz - The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Time CHE ANAL
Effervescent tablets have a chemical reaction when dropped into water. I want to figure out if you can
change how fast they dissolve by changing the temperature of water.

Kelsey Bowman Detergent Debate: Which is most efficient? CHE ANAL
Stains can ruin everything from clothes, furniture, to carpets. Everyone has stained an object that was
important to them. The purpose of this project was to find the best original liquid laundry detergent to
remove stains. Three detergents were used Tide, Dreft, and Gain. It was hypothesized that Tide would
remove the chocolate syrup stain in the least amount of washes because Tide has the ingredient
hydrogen peroxide which is a bleach that supports the cleaning cycle by removing the color of the stain.
To conduct this experiment twelve white T-shirt squares were cut out with a cardboard square
template. The experimenter chose these samples to apply the stain, because the stain will appear more
visible on a white T-shirt rather than a colored shirt. The chocolate syrup was chose because the stain is
liquid so it will soak into the fabric. Two milliliters of chocolate syrup was placed on each square to equal
twenty four milliliters that was used in the experiment. Six medical syringes were used to apply 2
milliliters on each of the squares. The samples were placed in the washers and washed for 45 minutes
per each wash. The experimenter stopped washing the control group after the fourth wash. The water
would not remove the stain because the water lacked chemicals and surfactants. The hypothesis of Tide
removing the stain in the least amount of washes was proven correct. Choosing a laundry detergent may
seem trivial, but it is still an important decision.

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Kayla Butler The Flammability of Different Treated Woods Used to Build a Barn CHE ANAL
Every year, there is an average of 200 horses that will die in a barn fire. Barn fires can be started by
many little items like cigarettes, lightning, or sparks from chewed wires, which ignites hay and stall
beddings and the pine wood of the walls. In this experiment, three different fireproof sealants were
tested to see which is the most effective at not igniting and burning. Fifteen pine wood rods treated in
Great Stuff Fireblock, fifteen pine wood rods in Valspar Fireproof Spray Paint, and fifteen pine wood
rods in Valspar Barn and Fence Acrylic Latex Paint were tested and timed when burned. Valspar Barn
and Fence Acrylic Paint had the least time to ignite with 17.49 seconds and the shortest extinguishing
rate at 1.40 second results while Valspar Fireproof Spray Paint had the fastest time to ignite with 7.46
seconds and longest time extinguishing at 16.06 seconds results. It is able to be seen that Valspar Barn
and Fence Acrylic Paint is best to use to limit the spread of fire in barns.
Nidhi Marpadga Can Baking Soda be a substitute for Baking Powder in a Recipe? CHE
ANAL
Have you ever ran out of baking powder but wanted to use baking soda but don’t know how much to
put in? Well I conducted a test with muffins using baking powder just like a normal recipe should and
then used different proportions of baking soda and Cream of Tartar to make the same final product. I
was trying to produce baking powder with proportions of baking soda and Cream of Tartar. You need to
use cream of Tartar with baking soda to produce baking powder because in baking powder there is
baking soda and a dry acid. To substitute that dry acid we use Cream of Tartar. From my results I learned
that you can use ½ tsp of Cream of Tartar and ½ tsp of Baking Soda to make almost the same recipe.
Now you have to remember that you have to use the same amount of baking powder to baking soda
and Cream of Tartar put together. So how much ever baking Powder you need use half the amount of
Baking Soda and half the amount of Cream of Tartar to make your recipe work similarly. Now baking
powder is a leavening agent which means to make it rise. So you would use this for breads, muffins, etc.
So next time you need to make a recipe that involves using stuff you don’t have like baking powder
don’t hesitate to use the substitutions above.

Kaylynn Yockey Diaper Absorbency CHE ANAL
The purpose of this project was to see which diaper would absorb the most when using tap water or a
sodium chloride solution. The expected result was that Pampers® brand would be the most absorbent.
The actual experiment involved keeping a record of the absorbency of four brands of diaper using tap
water and sodium chloride solution. This was done by pouring a specific amount of water over a specific
amount of time onto a diaper then letting it sit for another specific amount of time then letting water
drip off and measuring the water and subtracting it from the original amount.
After this project the data collected shows that Pampers® brand absorbed the most. This proved my
hypothesis to be correct.

Brianna DeChristopher Which Toothpaste Whitens Best? CHE ANAL
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The purpose of this project is to see which toothpaste whitens teeth the best. Unglazed tiles were
soaked in tea overnight. Then, toothpaste was applied to the tiles to determine which removed more of
the tea stains. The results showed Crest 3D White worked the best at whitening and removing stains
from the tiles. The hypothesis was disproved because it was hypothesized that Colgate Optic White
would work the best at removing stains.

Taylor Schneider How To Not Air Your Dirty Laundry CHE ANAL
My project was called ‘How To Not Air Your Dirty Landry’. I tested for my question which stain remover
gets stains out the best. I tested bleach, OxiClean, and a mix of baking soda and peroxide. The stain
removers were tested on three stains; ketchup, mustard, and grape juice. I first stained the cut up t-
shirt swatches with the three types of stains and let them set overnight. I washed them on the same
settings for all stains for one hour and one minute. The swatches were then dried and I proceeded to
rank them on a scale one to five; with one being poor, two to four for good, and a five for excellent. As I
stated in my hypothesis, bleach was the most successful at the stain removal.

Yalini Ramamoorthy Vitamin C in Oranges CHE ANAL
Vitamin C helps the body maintain tissue, bones, blood vessels, and skin. With Vitamin C, you can
prevent, immune system deficiencies, cardiovascular disease, skin problems, etc. The purpose of our
project is to define the Vitamin C levels in the oranges we have chosen.
Procedure:
Prior to experiment, crush 50 mg of a vitamin C tablet into 20 mL of water and use as control/constant.
Juice orange.
Pour 50 mL of juiced orange into labeled cup.
Pour an amount of iodine into another cup.
Use eyedropper to to release 1 mL of iodine at a time into the juice.
Use a table to keep track of any color change observed in the juice.
Record when the juice turns into the color of the iodine on your table.
Use the equation (50/amount of iodine it took for the reference) *amount of iodine it took for the juice=
amount of vitamin C(mg)/50 mL
Simplify the answer to get an accurate measurement of how much vitamin C there is in the orange per
mL.
Repeat this process for all the oranges.
The orange with the highest final answer has the most vitamin C.
In conclusion, the Valencia orange has the greatest amount of Vitamin C with 2.6 mg/mL of juice.The
orange with the least amount of vitamin C was the Blood orange, with only 1 mg of vitamin C per mL of
juice. We also calculated the average of the 2 trials and determined the winner using that table as well.

Makenna Korzan The Analysis of Calcium in Water CHE ANAL
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I learned that different places have a different amount of calcium in their water. So far, the amount of
calcium is different for every place. With a softener, you could have no calcium left in your water. I
wanted to find out how much calcium is in five different locations in Ohio. During the experiment, I
loved to see the water change colors. When it changed to a brandy color to blue, it was interesting to
see how fast that it would change. After boiling the water sample for five minutes, I put in fifteen drops
of sodium hydroxide. I then put a few drops of calcon indicator which turned the water to a brandy color
in a couple of seconds. Finally I put in EDTA which turned the color to blue.
The samples that were collected have not been filtered. The Ottawa water had the most amount of
calcium with 177 parts per million. The Elyria sample has the least with 20.2 parts per million of calcium.
The samples with more calcium took longer to change blue than samples with less. Also, the samples
with more calcium took longer to stay blue and not change back to the brandy color. It would be useful
for everyone to know because calcium damages your appliances. I thought that the amount of calcium
in the water would fall in between 50 and 80 parts per million. Some were above while others were
below my hypothesis.

Robert Chesonis Which 100% Fruit Juice Containing Vitamin C is Most Beneficial? CHE
ANAL
Which one hundred percent fruit juice containing vitamin C is most beneficial? Orange juice would be
the juice of choice, of course, it helps fight the common cold due to its vitamin C content. To prove this
theory correct, I decided to test which fruit juice would contain the most vitamin C. First, I made an
iodine indicator solution by mixing one tablespoon of cornstarch and water to make a paste and then
mix the paste with 250ml of water and let it boil for five minutes. Next I used a pipette and added ten
drops of the solution to 75ml of water and added iodine to the mixture until it turned purple. Apple,
orange, cran-apple, and a Hi-C juice box were the juices of choice. In small cups 5ml of the iodine
indicator solution was added along with ten drops of apple juice. I had to clean the pipette and repeat
with each individual juice. Finally, I compared the color of each mixture to determine which juice would
contain the most vitamin C. The one that was the clearest wins and the one that was the darkest shade
of green would contain the least amount of C. Unbelievably, the Hi-C juice box was the clearest and the
apple almost clear. Cran-apple turned green and the orange juice was a deep green meaning it
contained the least amount of vitamin C. My hypothesis was proven incorrect, I strongly believed the
orange juice would have contained the most vitamin C. My project has proven to be beneficial. The
next time you need a little vitamin C, drink a Hi-C juice box.

Stamatina Tolias Electrochemical Detection of Catechol by Polyeugenol Modified Electrodes
CHE ANAL
Abnormal secretion levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly those in the catecholamine (1-2
dihydroxybezene) category, is a dilemma in modern day neuroscience due to the fact that they have
been linked to prevalent mental and physiological disorders. The detection of these neurotransmitters
could facilitate prognosis, diagnosis and recuperation of patients. Catechol (basis of catecholamine
molecules) exists among other substances (interferents) in the brain, like ascorbic acid. Modifying the
electrode surface or the type of electrode itself can help enhance the detection of catechol. In previous
studies testing a modified electrode surface, the modification (Poly 3-methylthiophene) has fallen apart
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