Chemical Kinetics and Process Dynamics in Aquatic Systems

779 Pages·2018·42.75 MB·English

by  Patrick L. Brezonik

Chemical Kinetics
and Process Dynamics
in Aquatic Systems
Patrick L. Brezonik
Professor of Environmental Engineering Science
University of Minnesota
LEWIS PUBLISHERS
A CRC Press Company
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress CataJoging-in-Publication Data
Brezonik, Patrick L.
Chemical kinetics and process dynamics in aquatic systems /
Patrick L. Brezonik,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-87371-431-8
1. Water chemistry, 2. Chemical kinetics. 1. Title.
GB855.B74 1993
551,48—dc20 92-42114
CIP
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To
Carol

PREFACE
This book, like so much that has happened in aquatic chemistry over the past
quarter century, had its beginnings in the towns and villages near Zurich, where I
spent the summer of 1980 as a visiting faculty guest at EAWAG, the Swiss Federal
Institute for Water Research. I decided to write this book primarily to fill a teaching
need, there being no text that dealt with kinetic aspects of water chemistry, but the
book has evolved as much into a reference as a text. I did not intend to be writing
this preface 13 years later. However, if I had finished it in a timely fashion, it would
have been a very different book. The field of aquatic chemical kinetics was much
less developed in 1980, and my goals for the breadth and depth of treatment were
much simpler then.
The intended audience for the book includes graduate students and practicing
professionals in many aspects of aquatic sciences and engineering: water chemistry,
limnology, aqueous geochemistry, microbial ecology, marine science, environ­
mental and water resources engineering, and related fields. Although the book seeks
to describe the current level of sophistication in some fairly advanced aspects of
aquatic chemistry, a strong effort was made to create a book that is understandable
and useful to nonexperts and those with limited backgrounds in chemistry. Chapters
2 and 3 and the first parts of Chapters 5 and 6 are written in a didactic style and
introduce the important concepts and equations of chemical and microbial kinetics
for batch systems and continuous-flow reactors. The balance of the book applies
these concepts and equations to a variety of chemical and biological processes that
occur in and affect the status of natural aquatic environments. Abundant references
are included to both the current literature and the key studies of the past that have
led to recent developments in aquatic chemical kinetics.
1 would like to thank several of my colleagues at the University of Minnesota for
reviewing various chapters: Steven Eisenreich, Walter Maier, John Gulliver, and
Deb Swackhamer. I appreciate their helpful corrections and suggestions on stating
certain concepts correctly, and they introduced me to some important references.
The comments of Michael Hoffmann (Cal Tech.) on an early version of the first
several chapters were helpful in enhancing the rigor of the text. Alan Stone (Johns
Hopkins) read the entire manuscript and made many useful suggestions that
improved both the clarity and accuracy of the text. Many graduate students exposed
to parts of the manuscript in graduate courses at the University of Minnesota made
helpful suggestions and participated in the development of the problems at the end
of each chapter. It scarcely needs to be emphasized that any errors and deficiencies
that remain are my responsibility.
1 owe a special debt of gratitude to Werner Stumm for his hospitality and support
at EAWAG, where this book began, and for inviting me to participate in his 1989
workshop on Aquatic Chemical Kinetics, which resulted in a book by that name
published by John Wiley & Sons. An earlier, shorter version of Chapter 7 appeared
in that volume.
I appreciate the support of the University of Minnesota, which provided a
stimulating environment, an extensive library system, and the freedom to pursue
this venture. The expert assistance of Christine Winter, Project Editor at CRC Press,
in converting the manuscript to book form is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, my
wife, Carol, and sons, Craig and Nick, have been both understanding and supportive
over the long gestation period for this book. The many hours spent away from them
while writing this cannot be recovered, but I hope that they and you, the reader, will
find that something useful has emerged from that investment.
Patrick L. Brezonik
Minneapolis
THE AUTHOR
Patrick L. Brezonik is a professor of environmental engineer­
ing science in the Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering
at the University of Minnesota and director of the University’s
Water Resources Research Center. He received a B.S. in
chemistry from Marquette University in 1963 and M.S. ( 1965)
and Ph.D. (1968) degrees in water chemistry from the Univer­
sity of Wisconsin. Before assuming his present position. Pro­
fessor Brezonik was on the faculty at the University of Florida
for 15 years. His research interests are focused on surface water
quality and chemistry, especially on the fate and behavior of inorganic contaminants
in lakes and the interactions between chemical and microbial processes in elemental
cycles. He has published widely on such subjects as lake eutrophication, nitrogen
and phosphorus cycling processes, effects of acidic deposition on lakes, and heavy
metal chemistry in surface waters and sediments.