Characterization of Metals and Alloys

252 Pages·2017·10.27 MB·English

by  Ramiro Pérez Campos

Ramiro Pérez Campos 
Antonio Contreras Cuevas
Rodrigo A. Esparza Muñoz Editors
Characterization
of Metals and
Alloys
Characterization of Metals and Alloys
Ramiro Pérez Campos (cid:129) Antonio Contreras Cuevas
Rodrigo A. Esparza Muñoz
Editors
Characterization of Metals
and Alloys
123
Editors
RamiroPérezCampos AntonioContrerasCuevas
CentrodeFísicaAplicaday InstitutoMexicanodelPetróleo
TecnologíaAvanzada(CFATA) DistritoFederal
Querétaro,México México
RodrigoA.EsparzaMuñoz
CentrodeFísicaAplicaday
TecnologíaAvanzada(CFATA)
Querétaro,México
ISBN978-3-319-31693-2 ISBN978-3-319-31694-9 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-31694-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016952548
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Preface
“CharacterizationofMetalsandAlloys”includesacompilationofthebestresearch
works presented in Symposium 5B “Structural and chemical characterization of
metals, alloys and compounds,” from the XXIV International Materials Research
Congress (IMRC-2015). The XXIV International Materials Research Congress
was held on August 16–20, 2015, in Cancún, Mexico. IMRC was organized by
the Sociedad Mexicana de Materiales (SMM). About 1850 registered participants
frommorethan50countriesparticipatedinthe36differentsymposia,workshops,
plenarylectures,andtutorialcourses.The36symposiathatcomprisethetechnical
programof IMRC-2015are groupedin severalclusters, namely,Nanoscienceand
Nanotechnology, Bio-inspired Materials, Materials for Energy, Fundamentals of
MaterialsScience,MaterialsCharacterization,MaterialsforSpecificApplications,
MagneticandElectronicMaterials,andGeneral.
Thearticlescontainedinthisbookincludecharacterizationofmaterialsprepared
bydifferentfabricationandproductionmethods;thebookcoversstate-of-the-artand
experimental techniques commonly used in modern materials characterization of
metalsandalloys.Inaddition,thebookintroducesadvancedtechniques,including:
scanning probe microscopy, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron
microscopy,Ramanspectroscopy,Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy,andfield
emissionscanningelectronmicroscopy(FESEM).Thisbookcoversseveralaspects
of the structural and chemical characterization of the materials such as metals,
alloys,steels, welding,nanomaterials,andcoatings.Thematerialsareamorphous,
crystalline, powders, coatings, fibers, and thin films, and were prepared with dif-
ferenttechniques.Structuralcharacterizationtechniquesinclude:scanningelectron
microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), aberration-correctedscanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM),
Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy (OM), Fourier transform infrared spec-
troscopy (FTIR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy(EIS),differentialscanningcalorimetry(DSC),finiteelementmethod
(FEM),thermoluminescence(TL),andlaseremission.
Thestructureofthebookisclassifiedinnineparts:(1)CharacterizationofSteels
UsedintheOilIndustry,(2)CharacterizationofCopperAlloys,(3)Characterization
v
vi Preface
of Steels by Applying Heat Treatment, (4) Characterization of Thin Layers and
Coatings, (5) Characterization of Materials Obtained by Mechanical Milling, (6)
Characterization of Materials for Medical Applications, (7) Characterization of
Materialsfor IndustrialApplications,(8)CharacterizationofWelding and Joining
ofMaterials,and(9)CharacterizationofIntermetallicMaterials.
SantiagodeQuerétaro,México Dr.RamiroPérezCampos
DistritoFederal,México Dr.AntonioContrerasCuevas
SantiagodeQuerétaro,México Dr.RodrigoA.EsparzaMuñoz
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Springer editorial for publishing this book,as well as the
committeeassignedfortheeditionofthebookandthereviewersofthearticlesfor
theirvaluablecomments,whichhavecertainlyhelpedtoimprovethequalityofthe
manuscripts.WealsowishtothanktheSociedadMexicanadeMateriales(SMM),
Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA) from Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), and Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo
(IMP)fortheirsupportinorganizingtheSymposium5B“Structuralandchemical
characterizationofmetals,alloysandcompounds,”belongingtoXXIVInternational
MaterialsResearchCongress(IMRC-2015)fromwhichthearticlesareincludedin
this book.Additionally,we would like to thank all the authorsof the articles who
haveworkedtoimprovethequalityofthearticlesconsideringreviewers’comments,
whicharetheresultoftheirvaluableresearchworkandmakepossibletheedition
ofthisbook.
Finally,wewouldliketothankthosewhohaveworkedtomakethiscongressan
excitingandfruitfulmeeting.
vii
List of Abbreviations
A Austenite
AE Auxiliaryelectrode
AF Acicularferrite
AISI AmericanIronandSteelInstitute
API AmericanPetroleumInstitute
ASME AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers
ASTM AmericanStandardTestingMachine
AT Agingtime
B Bainite
BM Basemetal
CBD Chemicalbathdeposition
CCT Continuouscoolingtransformation
CSA CanadianStandardsAssociation
DNV DetNorskeVeritas
DPI Digitalprocessingimage
DSAW Doublesubmergedarcwelding
DSC Differentialscanningcalorimetry
Ea Activationenergy
EDM Electricaldischargemachining
EDS Energy-dispersivespectroscopy
EDX Energy-dispersiveX-ray
EIS Electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy
ERW Electricresistancewelding
F Ferrite
FEA Finiteelementanalysis
FTIR Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy
GMAW Gasmetalarcwelding
HA Hydroxyapatite
ix
x ListofAbbreviations
HAZ Heat-affectedzone
HE Hydrogenembrittlement
HEM High-energymilling
HIC Hydrogen-inducedcracking
HRTEM High-resolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscopy
HSLA High-strengthlowalloys
HT Heattreatment
HV HardnessVickers
IEAW Indirectelectricarcwelding
IMRC InternationalMaterialsResearchCongress
IRS Infraredspectroscopy
ISO InternationalStandardsOrganization
LPCVD Low-pressurechemicalvapordeposition
M Martensite
MPF Mappingofpolycrystallineflow
MPY Mils-inchperyear
NACE NationalAssociationofCorrosionEngineers
NDT Nondestructivetesting
OES Opticalemissionspectroscopy
OM Opticalmicroscopy
P Perlite
PC Polarizationcurves
PWHT Post-weldheattreatment
RE Referenceelectrode
RS Ramanspectroscopy
SAE SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers
SAW Submergedarcwelding
SCC Stresscorrosioncracking
SCE Saturatedcalomelelectrode
SEM Scanningelectronmicroscopy
SMM SociedadMexicanadeMateriales
SS Stainlesssteel
SSRT Slowstrainratetest
STEM Scanningtransmissionelectronmicroscopy
TEM Transmissionelectronmicroscopy
TGA Thermalgravimetricanalysis
TL Thermoluminescence
TMCP Thermomechanicalcontrolledprocessing
UTS Ultimatetensilestrength
UV-Vis Ultraviolet–visiblespectroscopy
YS Yieldstrength
Biography of Editors
Dr.RamiroPérezCamposreceivedhisbachelor’sandmaster’sdegreesinphysics
at the National Polytechnic Institute in México. He obtained his Ph.D. in physics
at the University of Alberta, Canada, in 1983. He also carried out postdoctoral
workattheKFAinJülich,Germany.HewasawardedanAlexanderVonHumboldt
postdoctoralscholarship.Heistheauthorofmorethan170scientificpapers,allof
themrelatedtotheapplicationsofthetransmissionelectronmicroscopeinmaterials
science. Dr. Ramiro Pérez Campos has cultivated lines of research related with
theoretical simulations of images obtained by transmission electron microscopy
(TEM). Theoretical simulations have been based on electron diffractionusing the
theory of Bethe and the multilayer model. Currently, he is the director of Centro
de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA) from Universidad Nacional
AutónomadeMéxico(UNAM).
Dr.AntonioContrerasCuevasreceivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinmechanicalengi-
neeringin1994.Hereceivedamaster’sdegreeinmetallurgyandmaterialsscience
at UniversidadMichoacanain 1997. He obtained his Ph.D. in 2002 in metallurgy
andmaterialssciencefromUniversidadNacionalAutónomade México(UNAM).
Since2003,hehasbeenapipelinematerialsresearcherfortheMexicanPetroleum
Institute. He is a member of NACE and the Mexican Materials Society, and he
belongs to the National Research System. His main research areas include stress
corrosion cracking (SCC), root cause analysis (RCA), materials characterization,
synthesisandcharacterizationofcompositematerials,andpipelineintegrity.Heis
theauthorofmorethan60scientificpapersrelatedtomaterialscharacterizationby
differenttechniques.
Dr. Rodrigo A. Esparza Muñoz obtained his Ph.D. in metallurgy and materials
science at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH),
México, in 2007. He carried out two postdoctoral stays, one of them in the
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the other one in the
University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA). He is the author of more than 50
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