Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Based Composites under Consideration of Defects

240 Pages·2016·9.548 MB·English

by  Moones Rahmandoust, Majid R. Ayatollahi (auth.)

Advanced Structured Materials
Moones Rahmandoust
Majid R. Ayatollahi
Characterization of
Carbon Nanotube-Based
Composites Under
Consideration of Defects
Advanced Structured Materials
Volume 39
Series editors
Andreas Öchsner, Southport, Queensland, Australia
Lucas F.M. da Silva, Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach, Magdeburg, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611
Moones Rahmandoust · Majid R. Ayatollahi
Characterization of Carbon
Nanotube-Based Composites
Under Consideration
of Defects
1 3
Moones Rahmandoust Majid R. Ayatollahi
Griffith School of Engineering Fatigue and Fracture Research Laboratory,
Griffith University (Gold Coast Campus) Center of Excellence in Experimental
Southport Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School
Queensland of Mechanical Engineering
Australia Iran University of Science
and Technology
and Tehran
Iran
Protein Research Center
Shahid Beheshti University, G.C.
Tehran
Iran
ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)
Advanced Structured Materials
ISBN 978-3-319-00250-7 ISBN 978-3-319-00251-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00251-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950020
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein
or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media
(www.springer.com)
Preface
Composites are engineered materials that consist of two or more insoluble phases
combined together: a continuous phase, known as the matrix, as well as some
interdispersed components, known as the reinforcing elements. Now if at least one
of the constituent phases of a composite material is less than 100 nm in size, this
composite is commonly termed nanocomposite.
The matrix is typically the major constituent that provides durability for the
overall composite and it can be for instance, a metallic, ceramic, or polymer mate-
rial. The reinforcing inclusions are on the other hand, the structure’s load carriers
that can be in the form of fibers, particles, or flakes. This phase of the composite
structure provides its stiffness and strength. Therefore, suitable selection of type,
amount, and orientation of these components plays a very important role on the
overall characteristics of the pertaining composite, such as its tensile and compres-
sive strengths, fatigue strength and failure mechanisms, electrical and thermal con-
ductivities, specific gravity, etc.
Composite materials mostly show more significant advantageous properties
compared to monolithic materials. Monolithic metals and their alloys cannot
always meet the demands of today’s advanced technologies and performance
requirements. It means that by incorporating reinforcements into, for instance, a
metallic, ceramic, or polymer matrix, the properties of the matrix improves to a
higher mechanical strength, more significant temperature stability, and better
chemical durability. The existence of reinforcing elements, on the other hand,
improves the structure’s physical and chemical properties significantly.
Among all the variety of different fillers that can be used as a nanocompos-
ite’s reinforcing phase, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown to be promising
candidates for their very specific mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal
properties that will be explained later. Carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites,
i.e., composite materials in which carbon nanotubes are used as the composite’s
reinforcing phase, are therefore very much interesting for scientists and scholars.
There are many outstanding and remarkable applications that CNT-based com-
posites can contribute to the world of science and industry. They are expected to
influence many fields in terms of technology and industry. Either as stand-alone
v
vi Preface
nanomaterials or as reinforcements in composites, they have applications in many
diverse fields such as energy, signal processing, medicine, biotechnology, infor-
mation technology, aerospace, agriculture, and environment. Therefore, exploring
different properties of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube-based composite
materials is of never-ending importance.
In the first three chapters of this volume, therefore, carbon nanotubes and
carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites are introduced. Their material structure,
major mechanical, electrical, and optical properties and their applications are fur-
ther represented and the most common fabrication methods are also introduced.
Finally, defects involved with carbon nanotubes, CNT-based composites are intro-
duced, and the finite element techniques to model the introduced defects and to
study their impact on the mechanical properties of the nanostructures are revealed
for those who are interested in the area.
Chapter 4, then provides a detailed study on experimental aspects and chal-
lenges of fabricating carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites and controlling the
appearance of defects in them. Finally, the major mechanical properties of the pro-
duced structures are reviewed and the effects of fabrication and processing steps
on the resulted properties are introduced. Although mechanical properties of CNT-
based composites are of major consideration in this volume, a specific subsection
is devoted to highlight the special electrical conductance of the fabricated CNT
composites.
The final chapter introduces CNT-fiber reinforced polymer composites spe-
cifically, as one of the most famous CNT-based composites and covers all major
facts about the fabrication process of this nanocomposite type. The quality of the
impact of modifying various fabrication factors of the polymer nanocomposites on
its mechanical behavior is also explained with a detailed look at the tribological
properties the composite.
Finally, we appreciate the moment to express our sincere gratitude to Professor
Dr.-Ing. Andreas Öchsner, editor-in-chief of the Springer book series on
“Advanced Structured Materials” for his kind support and helpful guidance. We
would like to thank Dr. Shahin Shadlou and Mr. Reza Barbaz for their valuable
assistance. Many of our colleagues worldwide are also worthy to be very much
appreciated here for their novel contributions to the topic, for devoting their lives
to keep the flame of knowledge and science burning brightly and beautifully. We
also thank Springer publisher for recognizing the necessity of the topic and the
importance of characterization of defects in nanostructured materials.
Moones Rahmandoust
Majid R. Ayatollahi
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................ 1
1.1 Nanotechnology ......................................... 1
1.2 Nanostructured Materials .................................. 2
1.3 Nanomaterials’ Emerging Applications ....................... 3
1.4 Computational Characterization of Defects .................... 4
References .................................................. 4
2 Carbon Nanotubes .......................................... 5
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 5
2.2 Carbon and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials ..................... 5
2.3 Atomic Structure of Carbon Nanotubes ....................... 7
2.3.1 Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes ...................... 8
2.3.2 Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ...................... 8
2.4 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.1 Mechanical Properties .............................. 11
2.4.2 Electrical Properties ................................ 14
2.4.3 Optical Properties .................................. 17
2.4.4 Thermal Properties ................................. 20
2.5 Manufacturing Techniques ................................. 21
2.5.1 Arc Discharge ..................................... 21
2.5.2 Laser Ablation .................................... 22
2.5.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition .......................... 22
2.5.4 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) ... 23
2.5.5 Vapor Phase Growth ................................ 24
2.5.6 High Pressure Carbon Monoxide Reaction Method. . . . . . . . 24
2.5.7 Conclusion ....................................... 25
2.6 Defects of Carbon Nanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.1 Topological Definition and Defects .................... 26
2.6.2 Substitutional Doped Defect ......................... 30
2.7 Modeling of Carbon Nanotubes ............................. 33
vii
viii Contents
2.7.1 Nanostructural Simulation ........................... 34
2.7.2 Mechanical Properties of SWCNTs .................... 42
2.7.3 Mechanical Properties of MWCNTs ................... 49
2.8 Modeling of Defects ...................................... 51
2.8.1 Perturbation in Carbon Nanotube’s Structure ............ 52
2.8.2 Atom-Vacancies in CNT Structure ..................... 53
2.8.3 Doped Carbon Nanotubes ........................... 54
2.8.4 Stone–Wales Defect ................................ 55
2.8.5 Hetero-Junction CNTs .............................. 56
References .................................................. 57
3 Nanocomposites ............................................. 65
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 65
3.2 Nanoengineered Materials ................................. 66
3.3 Types of Composites ..................................... 66
3.4 Structure of Composites ................................... 67
3.4.1 Matrix Phase Types ................................ 68
3.4.2 Reinforcing Phase Types ............................ 71
3.4.3 Continuous-Fiber Composites ........................ 75
3.4.4 Short-Fiber Composites ............................. 77
3.5 Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites ......................... 79
3.5.1 Mechanical Properties .............................. 80
3.5.2 Electrical Properties ................................ 87
3.5.3 Thermal Properties ................................. 89
3.5.4 Optical Properties .................................. 92
3.6 Defects Involved with CNT-Based Composites ................. 92
3.6.1 CNT Defects ...................................... 93
3.6.2 CNT Bundles ..................................... 94
3.6.3 CNT Distribution .................................. 94
3.7 Analytical Studies ....................................... 95
3.7.1 Rule of Mixture ................................... 95
3.7.2 Halpin-Tsai Method ................................ 96
3.8 Modeling Techniques ..................................... 97
3.8.1 CNT/Matrix Unit Cell .............................. 97
3.8.2 Modeling of Nanocomposite ......................... 102
3.8.3 Comparison of Experimental and Computational
Studies .......................................... 109
References .................................................. 110
4 CNT-Based Nanocomposites .................................. 117
4.1 Introduction ............................................ 117
4.2 Production Methods ...................................... 118
4.2.1 Dispersion Methods ................................ 118
4.2.2 Composite Processing .............................. 120
4.2.3 Defects in Nano-composites and Prevention Methods ...... 122
Contents ix
4.3 Mechanical Properties .................................... 125
4.3.1 Effects of Composite Processing ...................... 125
4.3.2 Effects of CNT and Matrix Type and Filler Loading ....... 127
4.3.3 Effects of CNT Aspect Ratio ......................... 135
4.3.4 Effects of Secondary Nanoparticles .................... 137
4.4 Fracture Toughness ....................................... 139
4.4.1 Mode Fracture Toughness .......................... 140
Ι
4.4.2 Mixed Mode Fracture Toughness ...................... 142
4.4.3 Fracture Surface Studies ............................. 152
4.5 Tribological Properties .................................... 155
4.5.1 Effects of Filler Loading ............................ 157
4.5.2 Effects of CNT Aspect Ratio ......................... 163
4.5.3 Effects of Secondary Nanoparticles .................... 164
4.6 Electrical Properties ...................................... 164
References .................................................. 167
5 CNT/FRP Composites ........................................ 177
5.1 Introduction ............................................ 177
5.2 Production Methods ...................................... 178
5.3 Mechanical Properties .................................... 184
5.3.1 Effects of Matrix Modification ........................ 184
5.3.2 Effects of Fiber Modification ......................... 192
5.3.3 Effects of Prepreg Modification ....................... 199
5.3.4 Effects of Secondary Nanoparticles .................... 202
5.4 Tribological Properties .................................... 207
References .................................................. 215
6 Summery .................................................. 219