Table Of Content(cid:37)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:7)(cid:79)(cid:66)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:73)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:85)
(cid:37)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:51)(cid:34)(cid:53)(cid:1)(cid:37)(cid:38)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:8)(cid:54)(cid:47)(cid:42)(cid:55)(cid:38)(cid:51)(cid:52)(cid:42)(cid:53)(cid:178)(cid:1)(cid:37)(cid:38)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:54)(cid:45)(cid:48)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:38)(cid:1)
(cid:36)(cid:207)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:207)(cid:80)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:26)
InstitutNationalPolytechniquedeToulouse(INPToulouse)
(cid:1) (cid:36)(cid:73)(cid:83)(cid:67)(cid:73)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:207)(cid:67)(cid:73)(cid:65)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:84)(cid:207)(cid:26)
SciencesdesAgroressources
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AnnaCIANCOLINI
(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:26) v endredi6juillet2012
(cid:52)(cid:73)(cid:84)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:26)
CHARACTERIZATIONANDSELECTIONOFGLOBEARTICHOKEANDCARDOON
GERMPLASMFORBIOMASS,FOODANDBIOCOMPOUNDPRODUCTION
(cid:37)(cid:67)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:65)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:26)
SciencesdelaMatière(SDM)
(cid:53)(cid:78)(cid:73)(cid:84)(cid:207)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:26)
ENEAetUniversitadegliStudidellaTuscia(Italie),(cid:45)(cid:36)(cid:34)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:1)UMR1010INRA/INP-ENSIACET(France)
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PrMarioAugustoPAGNOTTAetDrGérardVILAREM
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DrAntonioELIA(Professeur,UniversitàdegliStudidiFoggia,Italy)
DrOlivierDANGLES(Professeur,Universitéd'Avignon,France)
M(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:66)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:8)(cid:83)(cid:9)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89):
DrMarioAugustoPAGNOTTA(Professeur,UniversitàdegliStudidellaTuscia,Italy)
DrGérardVILAREM(DirecteuradjointduLCA,InstitutNationalPolytechniquedeToulouse)
DrGiovanniMAUROMICALE(Professeur,UniversitàdegliStudidiCatania,Italy)
DrPaolaCRINO’(ENEACasaccia,Italy)
DrMarionALIGNAN(InstitutNationalPolytechniquedeToulouse,France)
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DELLA TUSCIA
PHD in HORTICULTURE– XXIV cycle
Thesis
CHARACTERIZATION AND SELECTION OF GLOBE ARTICHOKE AND
CARDOON GERMPLASM FOR BIOMASS, FOOD AND BIOCOMPOUND
PRODUCTION
PhD student
Anna Ciancolini
Research units:
Unità Tecnica Sviluppo Sostenibile ed Innovazione del Sistema Agro-Industriale (ENEA)
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia
(UNITUS)
Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle (UMR 1010 INRA/INP-ENSIACET)
Directors of the PhD thesis: Prof. Mario Augusto PAGNOTTA and Dr. Gérard VILAREM
Tutors of the PhD thesis: Dr. Paola CRINO‘ and Dr. Marion ALIGNAN
Coordinator of the PhD course: Prof. Alberto GRAIFENBERG
Academic Year 2011/2012
A mio marito, gioia infinita dei miei giorni.
Ai miei genitori, punto fermo del mio essere.
Alla vita che porto dentro con tutto l’amore che posso.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 CYNARA SPP. ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATION 4
1.2 TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE 5
1.3 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION 6
1.4 BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 9
1.5 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION 10
1.6 GENETIC RESOURCES 13
1.7 PROPAGATION 15
1.7.1 AGAMIC 15
1.7.2 GAMIC 17
1.8 AGRONOMIC ASPECTS 18
1.8.1 PLANTING 18
1.8.2 FERTILIZATION 18
1.8.3 IRRIGATION 19
1.8.4 WEED CONTROL 19
1.8.5 PARASITES AND PATHOGENS 20
1.8.6 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PLANTS 21
1.8.6.1 STALK REMOVAL 21
1.8.6.2 OFFSHOOT REMOVAL 21
1.8.6.3 BLEACHING 22
1.9 EDIBLE PRODUCT HARVESTING AND COMMERCIALIZATION 22
1.10 USES 23
1.10.1 TRADITIONAL USES 23
1.10.2 INDUSTRIAL USES 24
1.10.3 PHARMACEUTICAL USES AND MAJOR PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS 27
1.11 FOCUS ON PHENOLIC EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES 34
EXPERIMENTAL PART 38
CHAPTER 1. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND GERMPLASM SELECTION
FOR EDIBLE USE
GLOBE ARTICHOKE 42
1.1 INTRODUCTION 42
1.2 ITALIAN SPRING LANDRACES 44
1.2.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 44
1.2.1.1 GENETIC RESOURCES AND OPEN FIELD EXPERIMENTS 44
1.2.1.2 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION USING UPOV DESCRIPTORS 47
1.2.1.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 48
1.2.2 RESULTS 50
1.2.3 DISCUSSION 57
1.3 ITALIAN ‗ROMANESCO‘ CLONES 58
1.3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 58
1.3.1.1 GENETIC RESOURCES AND OPEN FIELD EXPERIMENTS 58
1.3.1.2 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION USING UPOV DESCRIPTORS 59
1.3.1.3 STATISTYCAL ANALYSES 59
1.3.2 RESULTS 59
1.3.3 DISCUSSION 68
CARDOON 69
1.4 INTRODUCTION 69
1.5 ITALIAN ACCESSIONS 70
1.5.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 70
1.5.1.1 GENETIC RESOURCES AND OPEN FIELD EXPERIMENTS 70
1.5.1.2 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 72
1.5.1.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 72
1.5.2 RESULTS 72
1.5.3 DISCUSSION 78
CHAPTER 2. DEVELOPMENT OF POLYPHENOL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
FROM CYNARA SPP. BIOMASS
2.1 INTRODUCTION 84
2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 85
2.2.1 PLANT MATERIAL, SOLVENTS AND REAGENTS 85
2.2.2 EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES 85
2.2.2.1 SOXHLET EXTRACTION 85
2.2.2.2 MACERATION 86
2.2.2.3 MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION 86
2.2.2.4 ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION 86
2.2.3 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT 87
2.2.4 COLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TOTAL PHENOLICS 87
2.2.5 HPLC ANALYSIS 87
2.2.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 88
2.2.7 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION AND
ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION 88
2.3 RESULTS 89
2.3.1 OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION (MAE) AND
ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION (ASE) FOR PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS 89
2.3.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN NOVEL AND TRADITIONAL EXTRACTION METHODS 98
2.3.2.1 COLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TOTAL PHENOLICS 98
2.3.2.2 HPLC ANALYSIS 100
2.4 DISCUSSION 103
CHAPTER 3. BIOMASS AND NUTRACEUTICAL KINETICS EVALUATION IN
GLOBE ARTICHOKE AND CARDOON PLANTS GROWN IN OPEN FIELD
3.1 INTRODUCTION 108
3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 109
3.2.1 FIELD EXPERIMENTS 109
3.2.2 AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 109
3.2.3 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION 110
3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT 110
3.2.5 SOLVENTS AND REAGENTS 110
3.2.6 EXTRACTION PROCEDURE 111
3.2.7 HPLC ANALYSIS 111
3.2.8 COLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TOTAL PHENOLICS 112
3.2.9 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 113
3.3 RESULTS 113
3.3.1 AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PLANT GROWTH
EVALUATION 113
3.3.2 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PHENOLIC COMPOUND KINETICS
EVALUATION 121
3.4 DISCUSSION 130
CHAPTER 4. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND GERMPLASM SELECTION
FOR BIOMASS AND BIOCOMPOUND PRODUCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION 136
4.2 GLOBE ARTICHOKE: EVALUATION OF BIOMASS AND
BIOCOMPOUND PRODUCTION 137
4.2.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 137
4.2.1.1 EXPERIMENTAL FIELD AND PLANT MATERIAL 137
4.2.1.2 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 138
4.2.1.3 PHENOLIC COMPOUND EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS 139
4.2.1.3.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION 139
4.2.1.3.2 EXTRACTION PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS 140
4.2.1.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 140
4.2.2 RESULTS 140
4.2.2.1 BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS 140
4.2.2.1.1 BIOMASS PRODUCTION 140
Description:Gortyna xanthenes, Agrotis ipsilon, Spodoptera littoralis, Helicoverpa armigera,
Cossus cossus, Agonopterix subpropinquella) attack the crop and can cause
