Table Of ContentComprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Volume 75
Characterization and Analysis of
Microplastics
Advisory Board
JosephA.Caruso
UniversityofCincinnati,Cincinnati,OH,USA
HendrikEmons
JointResearch Centre,Geel,Belgium
GaryHieftje
IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN, USA
KiyokatsuJinno
ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi,Japan
UweKarst
UniversityofMu¨nster,Mu¨nster,Germany
Gyro¨gyMarko-Varga
AstraZeneca, Lund,Sweden
JanuszPawliszyn
UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ont.,Canada
SusanRichardson
USEnvironmentalProtection Agency,Athens,GA,USA
Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Volume 75
Characterization and
Analysis of Microplastics
Edited by
Teresa A.P. Rocha-Santos
University of Aveiro, CESAM, Aveiro, Portugal
Armando C. Duarte
University of Aveiro, CESAM, Aveiro, Portugal
Elsevier
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Contents
ContributorstoVolume 75 xi
SeriesEditor’sPreface xiii
Preface xv
1. Microplastics e Occurrence, Fate and
Behaviour in the Environment 1
Joa˜oPintodaCosta,ArmandoC.Duarte,TeresaA.P.Rocha-Santos
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Sources ofMicroplasticsintheEnvironment 4
1.2 PrimaryMicroplastics 5
1.3 SecondaryMicroplastics 5
2. FateofMicroplasticsintheEnvironment 6
2.1 SpatialandTemporalDistribution 6
2.2 Degradation 8
2.3 The‘MissingLink’inPlasticMass Balance 11
3. BehaviourandEffects ofMicroplastics 12
3.1 Physical Effects 12
3.2 ChemicalEffects 13
4. Methodologies Usedfor theIdentificationand
CharacterizationofMicroplastics 16
5. KeyChallenges andRoadMapforFurtherResearch 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 20
2. Microplastics Sampling and Sample Handling 25
MonicaF.Costa,ArmandoC.Duarte
1. Introduction 25
2. Sampling 27
3. SamplesHandling 29
3.1 Contamination 31
4. WaterSampling UsingPlanktonTowNets 32
4.1 PelagicPlasticsSampledbyOtherTechniques 34
5. IceandSnow 34
6. FoodResources 35
6.1 SamplingFromStomachContents 36
v
vi Contents
7. Microbiotaofthe‘Plastisphere’ 37
8. SamplingMicroplasticsFromBeaches 37
8.1 ImageAnalysisasaSamplingMethodforMicroplastics
onBeaches 40
9. SedimentTrapsforMicroplasticSampling Fromthe Water
Column 40
10. Deep-SeaSediments 41
11. Conclusion 42
Acknowledgements 43
References 43
3. Morphological and Physical Characterization of
Microplastics 49
Andre´sRodrı´guez-Seijo, RuthPereira
1. Introduction 49
2. Size andShape 51
3. Colour 56
4. Density 58
5. Concluding Remarks 62
References 62
4. Characterization and Quantification of Microplastics
by Infrared Spectroscopy 67
GerritRenner,TorstenC.Schmidt,Ju¨rgenSchram
1. IntroductiontoInfraredSpectroscopyofMicroplastics 68
1.1 MolecularVibrations 68
1.2 ExcitationProcessesinInfraredSpectroscopy 69
1.3 TheInfraredSpectrum 75
2. Mid-Infrared 78
2.1 Instrumentation 79
2.2 TechniquesandAccessories 81
2.3 CharacterizationandQuantificationofMicroplastics 95
3. Near-Infrared 108
3.1 Instrumentation 108
3.2 IdentificationofPolymers 110
4. ApplicationsofFT-MIRSpectroscopy 111
References 115
5. Characterization of Microplastics by Raman
Spectroscopy 119
PauloRibeiro-Claro,MarielaM.Nolasco,CatarinaArau´jo
1. Introduction 119
2. Raman SpectroscopyBasics 120
Contents vii
2.1 PrinciplesofRamanSpectroscopy 120
2.2 SpectrometersinaNutshell 124
2.3 CoherentAnti-StokesRamanScattering 127
3. AdvantagesandLimitations ofRamanSpectroscopy 129
4. State-of-the-Art 134
5. Final RemarksandFutureOutlook 147
Acknowledgements 148
References 149
6. Application of Scanning Electron MicroscopyeEnergy
Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) 153
AnaVioletaGira˜o,GianvitoCaputo,MartaC. Ferro
1. Introduction 154
1.1 ScanningElectronMicroscopy 155
1.2 EnergyDispersiveX-RaySpectroscopy 158
2. SamplePreparation 158
3. EquipmentOperation 161
4. MicroplasticsCharacterization 164
5. Final Considerations 166
References 166
7. Application of Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) 169
PeterKusch
1. Introduction 170
2. Pyrolysis-GasChromatography/MassSpectrometry tothe
AnalysisofMicroplastics 172
2.1 InstrumentationandMethod 172
2.2 Characterization ofPolyethylene,Polypropylene,
Poly(ethylene-co-propylene)andPoly
(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) 174
2.3 Characterization ofPolystyreneandPoly
(acrylonitrile-co-1,3-butadiene-co-styrene) 182
2.4 Characterization ofRubbersePoly(styrene-co-1,
3-butadiene)andPoly(acrylonitrile-co-1,3-butadiene) 187
2.5 Characterization ofPolyamides 190
2.6 Characterization ofPhenolicResin 192
2.7 Characterization ofPolyurethanes 193
2.8 Characterization ofPoly(ethylene terephthalate) 194
2.9 Characterization ofPoly(vinylchloride) 197
2.10 Characterization ofSiliconeRubber 200
3. Conclusion 206
Acknowledgements 206
References 206
viii Contents
8. Advanced Analytical Techniques for Assessing the
Chemical Compounds Related to Microplastics 209
LorenaM.RiosMendoza,SatieTaniguchi,HrissiK.Karapanagioti
1. Introduction 210
2. PlasticAdditives 210
2.1 Phthalates 211
2.2 PerfluoroalkylSubstances 211
2.3 Nonylphenol 212
2.4 BisphenolA 212
2.5 BrominatedFlameRetardants 213
3. Environmental OrganicContaminantsSorbed
toMicroplastics 215
3.1 PolychlorinatedBiphenyls 218
3.2 OrganochlorinePesticides 218
3.3 PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbons 220
4. ExtractionofOrganicCompounds FromMicroplastics 220
4.1 Soaking/Maceration 221
4.2 Ultrasound 223
4.3 Soxhlet 224
4.4 AcceleratedSolventExtraction 226
4.5 ComparisonoftheDifferentExtractionMethods 226
5. CleanUp ePurificationandSeparationofthe Compounds 226
5.1 AdsorptionChromatography 227
5.2 ChemicalTreatments 229
6. IdentificationandQuantitationTechniques 229
6.1 Chromatography 229
7. Conclusion 233
References 234
9. The Role of Laboratory Experiments in the
Validation of Field Data 241
CatherineMouneyrac,FabienneLagarde,Ame´lieChaˆtel,
FarhanR.Khan,KristianSyberg,AnnemettePalmqvist
1. Introduction 242
2. MicroplasticsUsedinLaboratory Experiments 243
2.1 RepresentativenessofMicroplacticUsedinLaboratory
ExperimentsforMicroplastics FoundintheEnvironment 243
2.2 ValidatingtheMicroplastic‘VectorEffect’ 248
3. TypicalExperimentalDesignsforTesting Effects
ofMicroplastics 255
3.1 WaterborneExposure 255
3.2 SedimentExposure 256
3.3 DietaryExposure,TrophicTransfer 256
Contents ix
3.4 OutdoorMesocosms 257
3.5 Ingestion/EgestionofMicroplastics 257
4. ToxicologicalImpactsofMicroplasticExposures 259
4.1 EffectsattheSubindividualLevel 259
4.2 EffectsattheIndividualLevel 260
4.3 EffectsatHigherLevelsofBiologicalOrganization 263
5. ConclusionandFutureResearchNeeds 264
References 265
Index 275
