Changing the Workplace Safety Culture

241 Pages·2013·3.1 MB·English

by  Ron C McKinnon

OccupatiOnal HealtH and Safety M
C
K
“Ron McKinnon informs the reader of how management’s role really in
sets what safety culture is all about. He guides the reader through n
o
a detailed discussion of why safety culture isn’t just limited to a col-
n
lection of random worker behaviors but is much more of a purposeful
outcome of the active policies that management embraces, demon-
strates, and leads with by example.”
—Jonathan Klane M.S.ed., CIh, ChMM, Cet, 2012, Klane’s education
Information training hub
Despite the fact that workplaces have implemented and followed safety
innovations and approaches, the majority of them have seen little, if any,
significant progress in the reduction of accidental deaths and injuries.
Changing the Workplace Safety Culture demonstrates that changing the
way an organization views and practices safety will impact the behavior
Changing
of all employees including executives and line managers. It delineates how
safety culture change can be implemented and defines the roles of every-
one in the safety culture, including management, employees, and unions and
their members. the
WorkplaCe
Rather than focus on behavior-based safety measures, this book provides
step-by-step procedures showing how to establish a long-lasting integrated
safety management system in any organization. It explores how to change
the safety personality of an organization. the author covers the management S a f e t y
principles and functions that need to be applied to bring about safety cul-
ture change and includes many real-life examples. he explains the activities
Culture
needed to implement safety change and the benefits of getting others
involved in the safety management system.
the only way to ensure that accidents and their consequences are tackled
at the source is to identify and eliminate the workplace risks before, rather
than after, the event. to be truly effective, safety activities must be integrated
into the day-to-day business and become a way of life for management
and employees. this book provides a blueprint for creating an active safety Ron C. MCKinnon
culture that prevents accidents before they occur and becomes the key
component in an ongoing safety success.
K16352
ISBN: 978-1-4665-6768-9
90000
9 781466 567689
K16352_Cover_mech.indd All Pages 6/18/13 3:55 PM

Changing
the
WorkplaCe
S a f e t y
Culture

Changing
the
WorkplaCe
S a f e t y
Culture
Ron C. MCKinnon
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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Version Date: 20130617
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Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xxi
About the Author .................................................................................................xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
Is Safety Really First? ..........................................................................1
Safety Culture.......................................................................................1
Subcultures ...........................................................................................2
Safety Climate and Culture .............................................................3
Corporate Culture ............................................................................3
An Overview of Safety Culture ............................................................3
Neither a Buzzword nor an Easy Fix ....................................................4
MSHA Defines Safety Culture .............................................................4
Chapter 2 The History of Safety and Safety Culture ............................................7
2100 BC ................................................................................................7
The Holy Bible .....................................................................................7
1500–1800 AD .....................................................................................8
1764 ......................................................................................................8
1795 ......................................................................................................8
1800 ......................................................................................................9
1802 ......................................................................................................9
1811 .....................................................................................................10
1833 ....................................................................................................10
1841 ....................................................................................................10
1844 ....................................................................................................11
1850 ....................................................................................................11
1867 ....................................................................................................11
1869 ....................................................................................................12
1878 ....................................................................................................12
1883 ....................................................................................................12
1885–1886 ...........................................................................................12
1894 ....................................................................................................12
1906 ....................................................................................................12
1910.....................................................................................................13
1913 ....................................................................................................13
1915 ....................................................................................................13
1916 .....................................................................................................13
1920 ....................................................................................................13
v
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
vi Contents
1932 ....................................................................................................14
1937 ....................................................................................................14
1941 ....................................................................................................14
1951 ....................................................................................................14
Mid-1950s ...........................................................................................15
1956 ....................................................................................................15
1960s ..................................................................................................15
1968 ....................................................................................................15
1970 ....................................................................................................15
1974 ....................................................................................................16
1983 ....................................................................................................16
1993 ....................................................................................................16
Historical Culture of Blaming Employees for Accidents ...................16
The Assumption of Risk ................................................................16
Master and Servant Acts/Masters and Servants Acts....................17
Contributory Negligence ...............................................................17
Comparative Negligence ...............................................................17
Historic Safety Culture Carryover .....................................................17
The Culture of Blame Continues........................................................18
Presumption ........................................................................................18
Employee Failed to … ........................................................................19
Conclusion ..........................................................................................19
Chapter 3 Safety at the Workplace ......................................................................21
How Well Are We Doing? ..................................................................21
Consequence Concentration ...............................................................21
Treating Symptoms ........................................................................21
Injuries Almost Irrelevant ..................................................................22
Upstream Actions ...............................................................................22
Near-Miss Incidents ...........................................................................24
Modern Safety Culture .......................................................................25
Defining an Accident .....................................................................25
Defining an Injury .........................................................................25
Injury Compared to Accident ........................................................26
Defining a Near-Miss Incident ......................................................26
Work-Related and Non-Work-Related Accidents ...............................26
Homes More Dangerous Than Workplaces? ......................................27
Status Quo ..........................................................................................27
H.W. Heinrich .....................................................................................28
Frank E. Bird, Jr. ................................................................................28
Bird vs. Heinrich ................................................................................29
Conclusion ..........................................................................................29
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents vii
Chapter 4 Accident Causation Theories .............................................................31
Accident Sequence .............................................................................31
Failure to Assess the Risk ..................................................................31
Definition .......................................................................................31
Risk Matrix ....................................................................................31
Lack of Control ..................................................................................32
Basic Causes or Root Causes .............................................................32
Immediate Causes ..............................................................................33
High-Risk Conditions ....................................................................33
High-Risk Acts ..............................................................................33
Contact and Exchange of Energy .......................................................34
Near-Miss Incident Example .........................................................34
Injury, Damage, or Loss .....................................................................34
Injury .............................................................................................35
Property Damage ...........................................................................35
Accident Ratios .........................................................................35
Fire .................................................................................................36
Business Interruption .....................................................................36
Loss................................................................................................36
Costs ..............................................................................................37
A Measure of Safety ...........................................................................37
Conclusion ..........................................................................................37
Chapter 5 Safety Culture Change Management Functions .................................39
Introduction ........................................................................................39
Survey .................................................................................................39
Management Leadership ....................................................................40
What Is a Manager?............................................................................41
Basic Safety Management Functions .................................................41
Safety Planning ..................................................................................41
The Functions of Safety Planning .................................................42
Safety Forecasting ....................................................................42
Setting Safety Policies ..............................................................42
The Safety and Health Policy ...................................................42
Setting Safety Objectives ..........................................................42
Establishing Safety Procedures ................................................42
Safety Programming .................................................................42
Safety Scheduling .....................................................................43
Safety Budgeting .......................................................................43
Organizing for Safety .........................................................................43
Integrating Safety into the Organization .......................................43
Safety Delegation ...........................................................................43
Creating Safety Relationships .......................................................43
Safety Responsibility .....................................................................44
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Contents
Safety Authority ............................................................................44
Safety Accountability ....................................................................44
Safety Leading ...................................................................................44
The Functions of Safety Directing (Leading) ...............................45
Making Safety Decisions ..........................................................45
Safety Communicating .............................................................45
Positive Behavior Reinforcement ..............................................45
Motivating for Safety ................................................................45
Appointing Employees..............................................................46
Developing Employees .............................................................46
GETMAC .................................................................................46
Safety Controlling ..............................................................................47
Step 1. Identification of the Risk and Safety Work to Be
Done to Change a Safety Culture ..................................................47
A Safety Management System (SMS) ......................................48
ANSI .........................................................................................48
BSI ............................................................................................48
What Are Critical Elements? ....................................................48
Why These Elements? ..............................................................48
Principle of the Critical Few .....................................................49
Benefit .......................................................................................49
Step 2. Set Standards of Performance Measurement ....................50
Step 3. Set Standards of Accountability ........................................50
Step 4. Measure against the Standard ...........................................50
Step 5. Evaluation of Conformance ...............................................51
Step 6. Corrective Action ..............................................................51
Step 7. Commendation ...................................................................51
Chapter 6 Safety Culture Change Management Principles ................................53
Introduction ........................................................................................53
Safety Management Principles ...........................................................53
Site Visits and Visibility ................................................................53
Safety Culture Change Success ..........................................................54
Total Commitment .........................................................................54
Executives Set Objectives ..............................................................55
Principle of Safety Management Results ...........................................55
Principle of the Key Safety Advocate ................................................55
Principle of Safety Leadership ...........................................................55
Principle of Setting Safety Objectives................................................56
Principle of Resistance to Safety Change ..........................................56
Principle of Safety Communication ...................................................57
Principle of Safety Participation ........................................................57
Principle of Safety Definition .............................................................58
Principle of Safety Reporting .............................................................58
Safety Officers ...............................................................................59
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC