Table Of ContentChanges in Scripture
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die
alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
Herausgegeben von
John Barton · Reinhard G. Kratz
Choon-Leong Seow · Markus Witte
Band 419
De Gruyter
Changes in Scripture
Rewriting and Interpreting Authoritative Traditions
in the Second Temple Period
Edited by
Hanne von Weissenberg, Juha Pakkala
and Marko Marttila
De Gruyter
ISBN 978-3-11-024048-1
e-ISBN 978-3-11-024049-8
ISSN 0934-2575
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Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................... 1
Hanne von Weissenberg & Juha Pakkala & Marko Marttila:
Introducing Changes in Scripture ................................................. 3
2. Methodological Issues .................................................................... 21
John J. Collins: Changing Scripture ................................................. 23
Eugene Ulrich: The Evolutionary Production and Transmission
of the Scriptural Books ................................................................... 47
Hans Debel: Rewritten Bible, Variant Literary Editions and
Original Text(s): Exploring the Implications of a Pluriform
Outlook on the Scriptural Tradition .............................................. 65
Molly M. Zahn: Talking About Rewritten Texts: Some
Reflections on Terminology ........................................................... 93
3. Changed Texts ................................................................................ 121
Sidnie White Crawford: The Pentateuch as Found in the
Pre-Samaritan Texts and 4QReworked Pentateuch. ..................... 123
Anneli Aejmelaeus: David’s Three Choices: Textual and
Literary Development in 2 Samuel 24 ........................................... 137
Kristin De Troyer: The Legs and the Wings of the Grasshopper:
A Case Study on Changes in the Masoretic Text and in the
Old Greek Translation of the Book of Leviticus ........................... 153
Robert Kugler: Uncovering a New Dimension of Early Judean
Interpretation of the Greek Torah: Ptolemaic Law Interpreted
by its Own Rhetoric ........................................................................ 165
vi Contents
Reinhard Müller: Doubled Prophecy: The Pilgrimage of the
Nations in Mic 4:1–5 and Isa 2:1–5. ................................................ 177
Juha Pakkala: The Quotations and References of the
Pentateuchal Laws in Ezra-Nehemiah .......................................... 193
Hanna Vanonen: The Textual Connections between 1QM 1 and
the Book of Daniel .......................................................................... 223
Hanne von Weissenberg: Changing Scripture? Scribal
Corrections in MS 4QXIIc ............................................................... 247
4. Deuteronomism in Later Literature............................................... 273
Pancratius C. Beentjes: The Book of Ben Sira and
Deuteronomistic Heritage: A Critical Approach .......................... 275
Francis Borchardt: The Deuteronomic Legacy of 1 Maccabees. ..... 297
Marko Marttila: The Deuteronomistic Ideology and
Phraseology in the Book of Baruch. ............................................... 321
Mika S. Pajunen: The Use of Different Aspects of the
Deuteronomistic Ideology in Apocryphal Psalms ........................ 347
Anssi Voitila: Judith and Deuteronomistic Heritage ..................... 369
Stuart Weeks: A Deuteronomic Heritage in Tobit? ........................ 389
5. Indices ............................................................................................. 405
Index of Modern Authors .............................................................. 407
Index of Passages ............................................................................ 413
1. Introduction
Introducing Changes in Scripture
Hanne von Weissenberg & Juha Pakkala & Marko Marttila*
The study of the Hebrew Scriptures and the literature of the Second
Temple period is currently in a state of transformation. The discovery
and full publication of the Dead Sea Scrolls has been instrumental in
this process and it is only now that their full impact is starting to be felt
in the field of Biblical Studies. Some may characterize the current state
of research as a “post-Qumran” period of transformation. The Qumran
material is fundamentally modifying our understanding of many cen-
tral questions, such as the textual development of the Hebrew Scrip-
tures, the formation of the canon, and biblical interpretation in the
Second Temple period. The texts from Qumran also provide valuable
information about scribal techniques in this period. With the Qumran
evidence, it has now become clear that the texts of the Hebrew Scrip-
tures continued to be edited and changed until much later than what
has traditionally been assumed. Moreover, the evidence seems to sug-
gest that the editing processes were more radical than assumed.
Changes to the older texts were not restricted to expansions. Rewriting
and rearranging were not uncommon.
In addition to the impact of the Qumran texts, the integration of
Septuagint scholarship and its contributions into the center of Biblical
Studies has been a welcome development. Although the importance of
the Greek versions has been known since the early days of Septuagint
scholarship, one may observe a growing awareness of the possibility
that the Greek witnesses may preserve an older stage of the textual
development than the Masoretic text even in wider biblical scholarship.
This volume represents an attempt to build upon this relationship by
enhancing the correspondences between the field of Septuagint studies
and other fields of biblical research. It is notable that approaches from
different perspectives and different fields of Biblical Studies, including
Qumran and Septuagint studies, are now coming to similar conclusions
regarding the pluriformity of the texts and changes still being made to
* For technical finishing of this volume we are especially grateful to Katri Saarelainen.
4 Hanne von Weissenberg & Juha Pakkala & Marko Marttila
them at the turn of the eras (cf. Aejmelaeus, Collins, and Ulrich in this
volume).
Attention is also drawn to the existence of parallel texts in the He-
brew Bible and the developments between texts that are literarily de-
pendent on one another. Although parallel texts and the use of older
texts to shape new texts have been the focus of attention in some seg-
ments of Biblical Studies, their full implications for the field and for the
methodology of studying the Hebrew Bible have remained limited. In
other words, this volume seeks to draw attention to the “empirical”
evidence1 not only from Qumran and the Septuagint, but also from
passages in the Hebrew Scriptures and other literature that have been
shaped by the use of other texts, and thus show how a source text was
changed in its new context. The latter category consists of parallel pas-
sages where the older text was used as explicit quotations (for example
the quotations of the Torah in Ezra-Nehemiah) or as a source text on a
more general level (for example, Mic 4:1–5 and Isa 2:1–5, or Dan 11–12
and 1QM).
The later Second Temple literature, for example the so-called deute-
rocanonical literature (or the called Old Testament Apocrypha), also
contains many examples of how older texts were used as sources for
the new composition. Especially the use of the Deuteronomistic litera-
ture in younger texts is a well-known but still not fully explored phe-
nomenon. Because the Deuteronomistic literature contains very charac-
teristic phraseology and theological themes, it is well suited for the
study of its later use. Moreover, it is probable that at least Deuterono-
my but perhaps also other parts of the Deuteronomistic literature were
considered normative in the late Second Temple period.
Our understanding of changes and editorial processes of the He-
brew Scriptures have been limited by our implicit conceptions as well
as the inherited terminology that continues to be used to describe the
phenomena detectable in the late Second Temple compositions and
manuscripts. Although most scholars currently see the formation of the
biblical canon as a long and complicated process rather than a series of
clearly definable or distinguishable steps, much of the scholarly discus-
sion has been and continues to be colored by the existence of the Jewish
and Christian canons of the Hebrew Bible. Despite the fact that these
sacred collections were formed at a much later date, their canonical
form and shape have made it difficult to look beyond their borders.
1 The idea that two or more parallel passages available for comparison may be called
empirical derives from Jeffrey Tigay, Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism (Philadel-
phia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985).
