Table Of ContentAlso published for the Development Studies Association
DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES FOR 11-IE 1990s
Edited by
Edited by
MARKET
Edited by
Also published for the Development Studies Association
DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES FOR 11-IE 1990s
Edited by Renee Prendergast and H. W. Singer
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REFORM IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
Edited by Oliver Morrissey and Frances Stewart
MARKET FORCES AND WORLD DEVELOPMENT
Edited by Renee Prendergast and Frances Stewart
Challenging the
Orthodoxies
Edited by
Richard M. Auty
Senior Lecturer, Department of Geography, Lancaster University
and
John Toye
Director, Institute of Development Studies,
University of Sussex, Brighton
First published in Great Britain 1996 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke. Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-13994-1 ISBN 978-1-349-13992-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13992-7
First published in the United States of America 1996 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue.
New York, N.Y. 10010
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Challenging the orthodoxies I edited by Richard M. Auty and John Toye.
p. em.
"First published in Great Britain 1996 by Macmillan Press Ltd.,
Houndmills. Basingstoke. Hampshire"-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. Developing countries- Economic policy. 2. Economic
development. I. Auty. R. M. (Richard M.) II. Toye, J. F. J.
HC59.7.C:!38 1996
338.9'009172'4-dc20 96-14480
CIP
© Development Studies Association 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 978-0-333-65474-3
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Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
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Ipswich. Suffolk
Contents
List ofA cronyms vii
Notes on Contributors viii
Introduction: Challenging the Orthodoxies
Richard M. Auty and John Toye
I Economic Responses
2 Lowest Common Denominator or Neoliberal Manifesto?
The Polemics of the Washington Consensus 13
John G. Williamson
3 Is the Debt Crisis Largely Over? A Critical Look at
the Data of International Financial Institutions 23
Kunibert Raffer
4 The Environment for Entrepreneurship 39
Renee Prendergast
5 Flexibility and Economic Progress 56
Tony Killick
II Social Responses
6 Is the Idea of Development Eurocentric? 85
Nigel Dower
7 Life Chances, Lifeworlds and a Rural Future 103
Jan Kees van Donge
8 Flexible Work and Female Labour: The Global Integration
of Chilean Fruit Production 125
Stephanie Barrientos
9 Diversifying Health Service Finance in Botswana:
The Impact of an Emergent Private Sector 142
Jacqueline Charlton
v
vi Contents
III Rural and Environmental Responses
10 Green, Brown and Red issues in a Black Economy:
Thoughts on Sustainable Development in
Low-income Countries 169
James Winpenny
II Rural Development Models in China and
Taiwan Revisited 181
Jerry Jones
12 Conservation or Development in the Terai?
The Political Ecology of Natural Resources in Nepal 205
Katrina Brown
13 Private Markets for Wastes: The Case of Calcutta 228
Anu Bose
Index 244
List of Acronyms
AID Agency for International Development
BMAS Botswana Medical Aid Society
BPOMAS Botswana Public Officers Medical Aid Scheme
CITES The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CMC Calcutta Municipal Corporation
CMDA Calcutta Metropolitan Development Corporation
CNC Comision Nacional Campesina [Chile]
DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
[Nepal]
DSR Debt Service Ratio
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GNP Gross National Product
HPAE High Performing Asian Economy
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDS Institute for Development Studies
IMF International Monetary Fund
ISR Interest Service Ratio
IUCN World Conservation Union
LDC Less-Developed Country
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NDP National Development Plan
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
R&D Research and Development
SADC South African Development Community
TDS Total Debt Service
ULUS Uluguru Land Usage Scheme
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
vii
Notes on Contributors
Richard M. Auty is Senior Lecturer in Geography at Lancaster
University.
Stephanie Barrientos is Senior Lecturer in Economics at the University
of Hertfordshire.
Anu Bose is a postgraduate student completing her PhD at the
Department of Development Administration in the University of
Birmingham. She formerly worked as a bureaucrat in the NGO and trade
union sectors.
Katrina Brown is a Lecturer in Natural Resource Management in the
School of Development Studies at the University of East Anglia and
Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Social and Economic Research
on the Gobal Environment (CSERGE).
Jacqueline Charlton is Head of the Department of Law and Public
Administration at Glasgow Caledonian University.
Jan Kees van Donge is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Public
Administration, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba.
Nigel Dower is Director of the Centre for Philosophy, Technology and
Society and also Senior Lecturer in the Departments of Philosophy and
Politics and International Relations at the University of Aberdeen .
.Jerry V. S. Jones is Director of International Economic Policy Research
at Kings College, London.
Tony Killick is Professor of Economics in the Overseas Development
Institute in London.
Renee Prendergast is Senior Lecturer in Economics at the Queen's
University, Belfast.
viii
Notes on Comributors ix
Kunibert Raffer is Associate Professor in the Economics Department,
University of Vienna.
John Toye became President of the Development Studies Association in
1994. He is Professor of Development Studies and Director of the Institute
for Development Studies at the University of Sussex.
John G. Williamson is Senior Fellow in the Institute of International
Economics, Washington, DC.
Jim Winpenny is Research Fellow at the Overseas Development Institute
in London.
1 Challenging the
Orthodoxies
Richard Auty and John Toye
IDENTIFYING ORTHODOXY
Orthodoxy originally meant simply 'true opinion' or 'right judgement'. If
this were still its meaning, our title Challenging the Orthodoxies might
seem a little foolish, or even perverse. Who in their senses would want to
challenge true opinions and right judgements? This is not our purpose,
however, or that of the contributors to this book. Orthodoxy has since
taken on an extended meaning. Today it carries the implication of impos
ing an opinion or judgement as if it were true and right. It also implies dis
suading dissenters, by emphasising the established or accepted character
of the orthodox opinions or judgements. It encourages the use of the social
sanctions of scorn or ridicule to deter those who might be inclined to think
themselves a little wiser than the rest of humankind from saying so.
Orthodoxies are no longer just sets of beliefs. They are beliefs to assent to
which one feels some kind of social and psychological pressure.
Such pressure is hardly measurable. This poses a problem. In the welter
of views and writings on development studies, different claims about
where the pressure is coming from can be made, and have been made.
Identifying orthodoxies can become a rhetorical device to advance a par
ticular set of beliefs, by claiming that its contrary is oppressive. The
counter-revolution of the 1980s not only said that believers in planning
and intervention were wrong, but that they were intellectually corrupt, a
clique who defended 'dirigisme' while knowing that it rested on bad eco
nomics. On the other side, there were many who criticised this counter
revolution for its ideological basis, and its unwillingness to confront the
real problems inherent in trying to achieve development by simply apply
ing free-market nostrums.
So this talk of orthodoxy faces a recurring difficulty. What is an ortho
doxy, and what is an intellectual challenge to orthodoxy? One person's
orthodoxy is another's Aunt Sally, a concoction of views that no one actu
ally holds, set up only for the purpose of being demolished, and to make
the contrary view seem more brilliant than it would if it were plainly
