Challenges of the internet of things : technique, use, ethics

268 Pages·2018·13.889 MB·English

by  Ammi, Mehdi, Saleh, Imad, Szoniecky, Samuel

Challenges of the Internet of Things
Digital Tools and Uses Set
coordinated by
Imad Saleh
Volume 7
Challenges of the
Internet of Things

Technology, Use, Ethics

Edited by

Imad Saleh
Mehdi Ammi
Samuel Szoniecky
First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Imad SALEH, Mehdi AMMI and Samuel SZONIECKY
Chapter 1. Internet of Things (IoT): Concepts, Issues, Challenges
and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Imad SALEH
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. The connected object (CO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3. Internet of Things: definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4. Steps and technologies in the IoT ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.1. IoT architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5. From the IoT to the Internet of Everything (IoE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6. IoT and Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7. Cloud computing applied to Big Data and the IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.8. Data science and the IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.9. Stakes and challenges of the IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.9.1. Technological challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.9.2. Societal challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.9.3. Environmental challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.9.4. Confidence in the IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.9.5. Challenges for businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.9.6. Challenges for researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.10. Opportunities and threats in the IoT ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.11. IoT security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.12. Blockchain and the IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.12.1. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.12.2. Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
vi Challenges of the Internet of Things
1.12.3. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.13. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Chapter 2. Deep Learning Approach of Raw Human
Activity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Hamdi AMROUN, M’Hamed (Hamy) TEMKIT and Mehdi AMMI
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2. State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3. Experimental configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4. Analysis of the activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.1. Neural network architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.6. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 3. Study and Development of a Smart Cup for Monitoring
Post-stroke Patientsʼ Activities at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Mehdi AMMI, Mehdi BOUKALLEL, Margarita ANASTASSOVA, Hamdi AMROUN and
Maxence BOBIN
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2. Related work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.1. Upper limbs motor assessment tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.2. New platforms for stroke assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.3. Activity analysis and monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.4. Tasks and rehabilitation exercises for strokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3. Design concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.1. Task identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.2. Monitored information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3.3. Sensory feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4. Implementation of the prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4.1. Grasping force detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4.2. Liquid level detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4.3. Orientation detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.4. Relative position detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.5. Data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.5.1. Orientation calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.5.2. Tremor detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5.3. Activity recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.6. Planned studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.6.1. Studies with therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Contents vii
3.6.2. Studies with patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.7. Conclusion and perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Chapter 4. Enabling Fast-prototyping of Connected Things using the
WiNo* Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Adrien VAN DEN BOSSCHE, Réjane DALCÉ and Thierry VAL
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2. Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.3. State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.4. Introducing the WiNo* family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.4.1. WiNoRF22 and TeensyWiNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4.2. WiNoLoRa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4.3. DecaWiNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.4.4. Summary of WiNo nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.5. Results and examples of use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.5.1. WiNo and TeensyWiNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.5.2. WiNoLoRa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.5.3. DecaWiNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.5.4. Summary and comparative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.6. Conclusion and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Chapter 5. Multi-standard Receiver for Medical IoT
Sensor Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tarak ARBI and Benoit GELLER
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2. General context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.1. OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.2. Characteristics of IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac standards . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3. The IEEE 802.15.6 standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.1. The WBAN frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.3.2. Specificities of the WBAN physical layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4. Physical layer design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4.1. Frame synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4.2. Frequency synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.4.3. Time synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.5. Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
viii Challenges of the Internet of Things
Chapter 6. Ambient Atoms: a Device for Ambient Information
Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Sébastien CROUZY, Stan BORKOWSKI and Sabine COQUILLART
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.2. Previous research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.2.1. Dedicated ambient displays that do not integrate a
display screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.2.2. Generic ambient displays that do not include a
display screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.3. Ambient Atoms: user’s point of view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.4. Ambient Atoms: hardware and software components . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.4.1. Hardware: microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.4.2. Hardware: LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.4.3. Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.5. Ambient Atoms: prototype applied to the housing
information visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.6. Future research and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Chapter 7. New Robust Protocol for IoV Communications . . . . . . . 137
Lylia ALOUACHE, Nga NGUYEN, Makhlouf ALIOUAT and Rachid CHELOUAH
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.2. Latest developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.2.1. Architecture of the IoV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.2.2. Communication obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.2.3. Related work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.3. Multi-criterion routing protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.3.1. Applications and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.3.2. Multi-criterion routing protocols in IoV
communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.4. Conclusion and perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Chapter 8. Interconnected Virtual Space and Theater: A
Research–Creation Project on Theatrical Performance Space
in the Network Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Georges GAGNERÉ, Cédric PLESSIET and Rémy SOHIER
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Contents ix
8.2. A multidisciplinary experiment involving live performance
and digital art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8.2.1. Defining avatar and mocaptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8.2.2. System description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8.2.3. From Kinect to Perception Neuron: a new mobility . . . . . . . . . 168
8.3. Acting relationship between the mocaptor and the avatar . . . . . . . . . 170
8.3.1. Controlling the avatar’s spatial disposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
8.3.2. The mocaptor’s reference space: the Ninja Theory example . . . . 171
8.3.3. A closer look at the articulation of the reference spaces . . . . . . . 173
8.3.4. Mobility of the mocaptor in their performance space . . . . . . . . . 174
8.4. From mocaptor to avatar from a technical perspective . . . . . . . . . . 175
8.4.1. Two-stage motion retargeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
8.4.2. Avatar movement: combination of multiple sources . . . . . . . . . 177
8.4.3. Combination with independent behavior: pathfinding . . . . . . . . 179
8.4.4. An architecture oriented toward interconnected objects . . . . . . . 181
8.5. A practical application that raises new questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.5.1. New experimentation spaces for actors, directors and
digital artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.5.2. The problem of visual composition for augmented scenes . . . . . . 184
8.5.3. Redefining the role of the digital artist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Chapter 9. Mobile Telephones and Mobile Health: a Societal Question
Under Debate in the Public Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Brigitte JUANALS
9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9.2. An interdisciplinary activity sector and field of research: between connected
health and connected well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
9.3. “Boundary objects”, socioeconomic strategies and innovative forms of
sociotechnical mediation in equipped mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
9.4. Mobile health-care service access systems: toward intermediation or
disintermediation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
9.5. Forms of regulation of mobile health-care access: a legal, technical and
sociopolitical issue under debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.6. Conclusion and new avenues of research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
9.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
x Challenges of the Internet of Things
Chapter 10. Modeling Power to Act for an Ethics of the
Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Samuel SZONIECKY
10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
10.2. Principles of ethical modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
10.2.1. Theoretical principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
10.2.2. Graphic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.3. Calculating the complexity of an ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.3.1. Existential complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.3.2. Comparing the complexity of points of view . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
10.4. Automatic ecosystem enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
10.4.1. Constitution of raw data corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
10.4.2. Transformation of raw data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
10.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
10.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Introduction
It is our pleasure to present the book Challenges of the Internet of Things:
Technology, Use and Ethics which is based on a selection of articles
presented in the French Open Science journal Internet des Objets, available
at: https://www.openscience.fr/Internet-des-objets.
This book examines the problems pertaining to the IoT based on three
different approaches: technology, use and ethics. The technology used to
produce artifacts (physical objects, infrastructures), programs (algorithmic,
software) and data (Big Data, linked data, metadata, ontologies) is the
subject of many innovations in the field of the IoT, itself rich and
stimulating. Along with this technological boom, the IoT is now used in new
fields of application, including transport, administration, housing,
maintenance, health, sports and well-being. Being a favored interface with
digital ecosystems at the center of social exchanges, the IoT is developing
the power to act with both good and bad consequences, thereby making it
difficult to assess fair activity1.
In Chapter 1, “Internet of Things (IoT): Concepts, Issues, Challenges and
Perspectives”2, Imad Saleh presents an in-depth review of the subject based
on his article published in 2017 [SAL 17]. The author presents the
definitions of connected objects, the Internet of Things and the Internet of
Everything (IoE). He then establishes a connection between the IoT and Big
Data, and cloud computing and data science. Furthermore, he provides the
details of the issues and challenges encountered in the IoT, both at a

Introduction written by Imad SALEH, Mehdi AMMI and Samuel SZONIECKY.
1 https://ido2017.sciencesconf.org/.
2 [SAL 17].