Challenges in Cataract Surgery: Principles and Techniques for Successful Management

128 Pages·2016·12.082 MB·English

by  Wan Soo Kim, Kyeong Hwan Kim (auth.)

Wan Soo Kim
Kyeong Hwan Kim
Challenges in
Cataract Surgery
Principles and Techniques for
Successful Management
123
Challenges in Cataract Surgery
Wan Soo Kim (cid:129) Kyeong Hwan Kim
Challenges in Cataract
Surgery
Principles and Techniques for
Successful Management
Wan Soo Kim Kyeong Hwan Kim
Busan Department of Ophthalmology
South Korea Inje University College of Medicine
and Haeundae Paik Hospital
Busan
South Korea
ISBN 978-3-662-46091-7 ISBN 978-3-662-46092-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-46092-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955539
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
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To NaHyun, DongHyun and GyooWon
— Wan Soo Kim, MD, PhD
Dedicated to all of my teachers, students, and precious family
— Kim, Kyeong Hwan
Preface and A cknowledgment
I started and became a cataract surgeon when little was known about phaco-
surgery, and where courage was more needed than knowledge was. I was
lucky enough to meet many teachers who became my friends and friends that
became teachers. I would like to thank my dearest friends Dr. Gerd Auffarth,
Dr. Abhay Vasavada, Dr. Howard Gimbel, and Dr. David Apple who have
infl uenced my practice as a cataract surgeon more than a couple of decades.
I am lucky to have this book published with my fellow professor,
Dr. Kyeong Hwan Kim who has been my colleague for more than a decade.
His professional excellence and enthusiasm enabled us to fi nish this book in
fairly short period of time. I also would like to thank my residents (Drs. J. Kim
and S. Hwang) for their help during the process of writing.
T remendous improvement in technology has helped surgeons to overcome
challenges in many ways, however, the number of complications f ollowing
cataract surgeries is not decreasing. I still believe the surgeries are designed
and performed by the surgeon, not by sophisticated machines. In this book,
I am trying to show you measures and my current surgical techniques to
o vercome the obstacles we encounter during the course of different cataract
surgeries. Please enjoy.
Busan, South Korea Wan Soo Kim , MD, PhD
vii
Pref ace
As longevity increases, cataract is becoming an even greater public health
issue worldwide. The use of cataract surgery, already one of the most
f requently performed surgeries, is consequently increasing still further – a
trend reinforced by developments in instrumentation and technology and
improvements in access to surgery. However, comorbidities and challenges
during surgery are still common.
T his book Challenges in Cataract Surgery comprises 17 chapters on and
around the topic of challenging situations encountered before, during, and
after cataract surgery. A wide range of settings are considered, including cata-
ract surgery in patients with intumescent, brunescent, or posterior polar cata-
ract; iris problem; trauma; previous vitrectomy history; uveitis; comorbidities
such as glaucoma or corneal diseases; and eyes with unusual axial length.
Furthermore, topics such as dislocation of intraocular lens and multifocal
intraocular lens are also described.
I t is hoped that Challenges in Cataract Surgery will be a valuable refer-
ence for all residents, fellows, and practicing ophthalmologists who wish to
improve their surgical techniques and outcomes, and this fi rst edition will not
be the last. And any comments and suggestions from junior and senior read-
ers are welcomed that will help us to make future editions even better.
Busan, South Korea Kyeong Hwan Kim
ix
Contents
1 Intumescent Cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Capsular Staining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Capsulorhexsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Brunescent Cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Uveitis Cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Small Pupil Surgeries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pharmaceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices (OVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Phaco Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Small Pupil Phacoemulsifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pupil Dilation During Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Other Iris Dilation Using Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Cataract Surgery in Glaucoma Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Cataract Surgery Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Trabeculectomy Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Cataract Surgery in the Presence of Glaucoma Filtering Bleb . . . . 24
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Combined Cataract and Glaucoma Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
xi
xii Contents
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6 Posterior Polar Developmental Cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ruptured Posterior Capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7 Pediatric Cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Anatomy of the Child’s Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Timing of the Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Planing the Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Lens Removal, PCCC, and Anterior Vitrectomy
(Cataract Aged Less Than 1 Year of Age) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Lens Removal and IOL Implantation (Cataract Aged
More Than 1 Year of Age) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
IOL Optic Capturing to Posterior Capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Pars Plana Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Secondary IOL Implantation in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8 Cataract Surgery in Eyes with Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9 Iris Surgeries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Radial Tearing with Ruptured Iris Sphincter Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Iridodialysis, Cyclodialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Atonic Dilated Pupil/Pupillary Capturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Artifi cial Iris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
10 Dislocation of Crystalline Lens and Marfan’s
Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
OVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Progressive Severe Zonulopathy: Marfan Syndrome . . . . . . . . . 66
Nonprogressive Zonulopathy: Congenital Lens Coloboma
and Traumatic Crystalline Lens Dislocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Contents xiii
Risk of Late IOL Dislocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Implantation of the IOL (PMMA IOL, Foldable Acrylic
IOL with PMMA Haptic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
CTR Capsular Tension Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
11 Intraocular Lens Dislocation, Intraocular Lens Exchange
and Secondary Intraocular Lens Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Removal of IOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
IOL Dislocation and Scleral Fixation of IOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
IOL Dislocation and Iris Fixation of IOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Complication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12 Cataract Surgery in Eyes with High Myopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
13 Cataract Surgery in Small Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
14 Cataract Surgery in Vitrectomized Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Postoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
15 Phacoemulsificaiton in Patients with Bleeding
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Red Cell Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
White Blood Cell Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Hemostasis Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Intraoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108