CFC-ITTO-80 PD 40-00 Technical Report on 2.1.4 Appropriate of Products Manufacture from

128 Pages·2011·2.61 MB·English

REPORT ACTIVITY 2.1.4.
EVALUATE THE APPROPRIATE
PROPERTIES OF PRODUCTS
MANUFACTURED FROM SMALL DIAMETER
LOGS IN INDONESIA
REPORT ACTIVITY 2.1.4.
EVALUATE THE APPROPRIATE PROPERTIES OF
PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED FROM SMALL
DIAMETER LOGS IN INDONESIA
PREFACE
This report was written based on the research activities which were conducted in
Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural University, Forest Products Research
Centre Ministry of Forestry in Bogor, PT. Andatu Plywood Industry, PT. Sumber
Graha Sejahtera, PT. Majora Inkas, PT. Paparti Pertama, and PT. Masari
Dwisepakat Fiber.
The report contains five researches regarding utilization of Small Diameter Logs
(SDL) for bio-composite products, namely : Plywood, Glulam (Glued Laminated
Timber), Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL), Particleboard and Medium Density
Fiberboard (MDF).
On behalf of the Project Executing Agency, we would like to extent sincerely
thanks to ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organization) and CFC (Common
Fund for Commodities) for the financial and administrative supports as well as for
good cooperation that made the research has been well executed. To the research
team member under coordination of Prof.Muh. Yusram Massijaya for plywood
research, Mr. Bedyaman Tambunan for LVL research, Mrs. Nurwati Hadjib for
Glulam research, Prof. Yusuf Sudo Hadi for Particleboard research and Dr. Dede
Hermawan for MDF research are also acknowledged for all effort that have been
made during accomplishment of this report.
With strong good will from all parties, we do hope this initial effort will generate
substantial benefits in utilization of Small Diameter Logs for Bio-composite
Products in Indonesia and all over the world.
December 27, 2010
Project Coordinator
Prof. Yusuf Sudo Hadi
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CONTENT
PART A.
PERFORMANCE OF PLYWOOD MADE OF SMALL DIAMETER LOGS
I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1
II. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PLYWOOD ...................................... 2
A. Production of veneer ............................................................. 2
B. Drying of Veneers . ................................................................ 6
C. Clipping of Veneer . ............................................................... 6
D. Veneer Jointing ..................................................................... 7
E. Veneer Taping, Splicing, and Edge Gluing ............................ 7
F. Preparation of Veneer Lay on for Plywood . ........................... 7
G. Application of Adhesive . ....................................................... 8
H. Preparation of Veneers for Gluing ......................................... 8
I. Glue and Gluing Procedures . ................................................. 9
J. Cold Pressing . ....................................................................... 10
K. Hot Pressing . ......................................................................... 10
L. Conditioning of Plywood ....................................................... 10
M. Trimming Plywood ............................................................... 11
N. Sanding and Finishing Plywood ............................................ 11
III. METODHOLOGY ....................................................................... 12
A. Raw Material . ........................................................................ 12
B. Procedure of Plywood Production ......................................... 12
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . .................................................. 17
A. Veneer Yield . ........................................................................ 17
B. Fundamental Properties of Plywood . ..................................... 20
V. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 27
AKNOWLEDGEMENT . .................................................................... 27
REFERENCES . .................................................................................. 28
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PART B. LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER
I. INTRODUCTION . ...................................................................... 30
A. Background ………… ............................................................. 30
B . Objectives . .............................................................................. 31
Literature Review . ................................................................. 31
II. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 33
A.Materials and Equipments ........................................................ 33
B. Production of LVL . ................................................................. 33
C. Testing of physical and mechanical properties of LVL ............ 37
D.Analysis . ................................................................................. 37
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . .................................................. 37
A.Performance of small diameter wood materials for
production of LVL . .................................................................. 37
B. Physical and mechanical properties of LVL made from SDL . .. 41
IV. CONCLUSION .. .......................................................................... 48
AKNOWLEDGEMENT . ............................................................. 48
REFERENCES ............................................................................. 49
PART C.
PERFORMANCE OF GLULAM MADE OF SMALL DIAMETER LOGS
I. INTRODUCTION . ...................................................................... 50
II. LITERATURE REVIEW . ............................................................ 51
A.Glulam . ................................................................................... 51
B. Lamina Connections . ............................................................... 52
C. Physical Properties and Mechanical Lamina Beams . ................ 53
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................. 61
A.Materials and Equipment . ........................................................ 61
B. Methodology . .......................................................................... 62
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION . .................................................... 68
A.Recovery of board manufacturing . ........................................... 68
B. Drying wood . .......................................................................... 68
C. Physical characteristic . ............................................................ 69
D.Mechanical characteristic . ....................................................... 71
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V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS . .................................... 76
AKNOWLEDGEMENT . .................................................................... 77
REFERENCES .................................................................................... 78
PART D. PARTICLEBOARD
I. INTRODUCTION . ...................................................................... 83
II. LITERATURE REVIEW . ............................................................ 84
A.Particleboard . .......................................................................... 84
B. Fast Growing Species . ............................................................. 88
III. PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES . .............................. 89
A.Materials . ................................................................................ 89
B. Methods . ................................................................................. 89
C. Results and Discussion . ........................................................... 90
IV. SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE TEST . ......................................... 99
A.Materials . ................................................................................ 99
B. Subterranean termite test . ........................................................ 99
C. Data Analysis . ......................................................................... 100
D.Results and discussion . ............................................................ 100
V. CONCLUSION .. .......................................................................... 102
AKNOWLEDGEMENT . .................................................................... 102
REFERENCES . .................................................................................. 103
PART E. MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD
I. INTRODUCTION . ...................................................................... 105
II. MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF) . ............................. 105
III. MANUFACTURING PROCESS . ................................................ 106
A.Debarking .. .............................................................................. 106
B. Chipping .................................................................................. 107
C. Pulping . ................................................................................... 107
D.The Blow-line .......................................................................... 108
E. Pressing . .................................................................................. 108
F. Finishing . ................................................................................ 109
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IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................. 109
A.Materials . ................................................................................ 109
B. Methods . ................................................................................. 109
C. Results ..................................................................................... 109
V. CONCLUSION .. .......................................................................... 115
AKNOWLEDGEMENT .. .................................................................. 116
REFERENCE . .................................................................................... 116
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LIST OF TABLE
PART A. PERFORMANCE OF PLYWOOD MADE OF SMALL
DIAMETER LOGS
1. Table. 1. Rotary veneer yield using SDL come from plantation and
community forest ......................................................................... 18
2. Table 2. Surface quality of the produced plywood ....................... 20
PART B. LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER
1. Table 1. Length, diameter and specific gravity of five species of small
diameter wood ............................................................................. 38
2. Table 2. Output – input ratio (yield) of five species of
small diameter wood .................................................................... 40
PART C. PERFORMANCE OF GLULAM MADE OF SMALL
DIAMETER LOGS
1. Table 1. Rendement sawmill ....................................................... 68
2. Table 2. There are three types of wood drying, manii, jabon,
and mangium with a combination of solar drying method and
the heat from the furnace type II ................................................... 69
3. Table 3. density and moisture content Glulam .............................. 70
4. Table 4. The average value of the mechanical
characteristic of glulam beams ..................................................... 72
PART D. PARTICLEBOARD
1. Tabel 1. Weight loss (%) for each wood species and
particleboard density .................................................................... 100
2. Tabel 2. Analysis of variance for weight loss and feeding rate ...... 101
3. Tabel 3. Feeding rate (µg/termite/day) for each wood species and
particleboard density .................................................................... 101
PART E. MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD
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LIST OF FIGURE
PART A. PERFORMANCE OF PLYWOOD MADE OF SMALL
DIAMETER LOGS
1. Figure 1. Plywood production process .......................................... 13
2. Figure 2. Cutting pattern of plywood sample ................................ 15
3. Figure 3. Shear strength samples .................................................. 16
4. Figure 4. Histogram of plywood moisture content ........................ 24
5. Figure 5. Histogram of plywood dry shear strength
parallel to the grain ...................................................................... 26
6. Figure 6. Histogram of plywood wet shear strength
parallel to the grain ...................................................................... 26
7. Figure 7. Histogram of dry shear strength
perpendicular to the grain ............................................................. 27
8. Figure 8. Histogram of wet shear strength
perpendicular to the grain ............................................................. 27
PART B. LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER
1. Figure 1. Diagram in the process of LVL production .................... 36
2. Figure 2. Physical condition of small diameter wood stems
which were used as raw materials of LVL .................................... 40
3. Figure 3. Knot defects in veneer of pulai wood. ............................ 41
4. Figure 4. Histogram of moisture contents of LVL ....................... 43
5. Figure 5. Histogram of delamination percentage of LVL ............. 44
6. Figure 6. Condition of delamination testing of LVL ...................... 44
7. Figure 7. Histogram of Shear Strength of LVL ............................ 45
8. Figure 8. Condition of sample damage in
the test of LVL shear strength ...................................................... 46
9. Figure 9. Histogram of Flatwise Modulus of
Rupture (MOR) of LVL ............................................................... 47
10. Figure 10. Histogram of edgewise Modulus of
Rupture of LVL ........................................................................... 47
11. Figure 11. Condition of sample damage in bending test of LVL ... 47
12. Figure 12. Histogram of flatwise Modulus of
Elasiticity (MOE) of LVL ............................................................ 48
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13. Figure 13. Histogram of edgewise Modulus of
Elasticity (MOE) of LVL ............................................................ 49
PART C. PERFORMANCE OF GLULAM MADE OF SMALL
DIAMETER LOGS
1. Figure 1. End of the oblique tongue connection ............................ 53
2. Figure 2. The composition of laminated glulam ............................ 62
3. Figure 3. Glulam sample .............................................................. 64
4. Figure 4. Scheme of loading on the static bending ........................ 65
5. Figure 5. The shape and size of the object of wood sticking ......... 67
6. Figure 6. Histogram density glulam .............................................. 71
7. Figure 7. Histogram values glulam MOE ..................................... 73
8. Figure 8. Histogram glulam MOR ................................................ 73
9. Figure 9. Histogram of glulam delamination ................................ 75
10. Figure 10. Histogram of S / W glulam .......................................... 76
PART D. PARTICLEBOARD
1. Figure 1. The average density of the particleboards ..................... 90
2. Figure 2. Average moisture content of the boards ........................ 92
3. Figure 3. Average Thickness Swelling of the boards ................... 93
4. Figure 4. Average Water Absorption of the boards ...................... 94
5. Figure 5. Average Modulus of Rupture of the boards .................. 95
6. Figure 6. Average Modulus of Elasticity of the boards ................ 96
7. Figure 7. Average Internal Bond of the boards ............................ 97
8. Figure 8. Average Screw Holding Strength of the boards ............ 98
PART E. MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD
1. Figure 1. The average moisture content of MDFs ........................ 110
2. Figure 2. The average thickness swelling of MDFs ..................... 111
3. Figure 3. The Modulus of Rupture (MOR) of MDFs ................... 113
4. Figure 4. Modulus of Elasticity of MDFs .................................... 114
5. Figure 5. The Internal Bond Strength of MDFs ........................... 115
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