Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries

249 Pages·2019·6.75 MB·English

by  Min Lou

Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research
Min Lou · Jianmin Zhang · Yilong Wang 
Yan Qu · Wuwei Feng · Xunming Ji 
John H. Zhang Editors
Cerebral Venous
System in Acute
and Chronic
Brain Injuries
Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research
Series Editor
John Zhang
Loma Linda, CA, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10064
Min Lou • Jianmin Zhang • Yilong Wang
Yan Qu • Wuwei Feng • Xunming Ji
John H. Zhang
Editors
Cerebral Venous System
in Acute and Chronic Brain
Injuries
Editors
Min Lou Jianmin Zhang
Department of Neurology Department of Neurosurgery
The Second Affiliated Hospital Second Affiliated Hospital, School
of School of Medicine of Medicine
Zhejiang University Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Yilong Wang Brain Research Institute
Beijing Tiantan Hospital Zhejiang University
Capital Medical University Hangzhou, China
Beijing, China
Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain
Wuwei Feng Science
Department of Neurology Zhejiang University
Medical University of South Carolina Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Charleston, SC, USA
Yan Qu
John H. Zhang Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Anesthesiology Tangdu Hospital
and Physiology PLA Air Force Medical University
Loma Linda University Xian, China
Loma Linda, CA, USA
Xunming Ji
Xuanwu Hospital Neurosurgery
Capital Medical University
Beijing, China
ISSN 2363-958X ISSN 2363-9598 (electronic)
Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research
ISBN 978-3-319-96052-4 ISBN 978-3-319-96053-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96053-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957835
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019
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Contents
1 Neurovascular Network as Future Therapeutic Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Yujie Chen, Yang Zhang, Zhenni Guo, Ling Liu, Feng Gao,
Yanfeng Lv, Meng Zhang, Xiaochuan Sun, Andre Obenaus,
Yi Yang, Jiping Tang, Hua Feng, and John H. Zhang
2 Animal Models of Venous Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Qin Hu and Anatol Manaenko
3 Imaging of Cerebral Vein in Acute Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Xiaocheng Zhang and Min Lou
4 Cerebral Venous Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Zhenni Guo, Hang Jin, Xin Sun, Lu-Sha Tong, John H. Zhang,
and Yi Yang
5 Cerebral Venous Collateral Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Lu-Sha Tong, Yan-nan Yu, Jiping Tang, Min Lou, and John H. Zhang
6 Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries . . . . . 119
Liang Liu and Qing-Wu Yang
7 Cerebral Venous System and Implications in Neurosurgery . . . . . . . 129
Yongxin Zhang, Wanling Wen, and Qinghai Huang
8 Pediatric Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: More Questions
than Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Fazeel M. Siddiqui and Chirantan Banerjee
9 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Venous Disease? . . . . . . . . . 149
Alain Lekoubou and Wuwei Feng
10 The Role of Veins in Arteriovenous Malformation and Fistula,
Pathophysiology and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Yongxin Zhang and Qinghai Huang
v
vi Contents
11 Role of Cerebral Venous System in Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . 173
Yan Qu, Lei Zhao, and Hao Guo
12 Role of Cerebral Venous System in Neurodegenerative Disorders . . . 179
Yan Qu, Lei Zhao, and Hao Guo
13 Role of Cerebral Venous System in Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . 187
Yan Qu, Lei Zhao, and Hao Guo
14 Involvement of Cerebral Venous System in Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . 195
Lu-Sha Tong, Yan-nan Yu, Jiping Tang, Min Lou, and John H. Zhang
15 Spontaneous Thrombosis of the Main Draining Veins Revealing
an Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Feng Yan, Gao Chen, and Jianmin Zhang
16 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis:
A Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Liang Xu, Weilin Xu, and Jianmin Zhang
17 Functional Recovery After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . 221
Samir Belagaje and Wuwei Feng
18 Drug Therapy of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Yilong Wang
19 A Movement toward Precision Medicine in Acute Brain Injury:
The Role of the Cerebral Venous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Jinqi Luo, Sheng Chen, Cesar Reis, and Jianmin Zhang
Chapter 1
Neurovascular Network as Future
Therapeutic Targets
Yujie Chen, Yang Zhang, Zhenni Guo, Ling Liu, Feng Gao, Yanfeng Lv,
Meng Zhang, Xiaochuan Sun, Andre Obenaus, Yi Yang, Jiping Tang,
Hua Feng, and John H. Zhang
Abstract In recent years, endovascular treatment, including pharmaceutical drugs
and intervention therapy, has become one of the most effective strategies for stroke
patients. However, neurobiological and neurovascular functions, before, during and
after endovascular therapy, have not been fully addressed and remain to be clarified.
It is extremely important for basic neurovascular scientists and clinicians to under-
stand the neurobiological and neurovascular fundamentals of neuroimaging
mismatches and the infarct size of stroke patients, hyperperfusion or hypoperfusion
after thrombolysis or thrombolectomy, and brain swelling and hemorrhage after
successful thrombolectomy. These clinical mismatches and complexities after
endovascular therapy are related to active tissue connections in the neurovascular
Author contributed equally with all other contributors.Yujie Chen and Yang Zhang
Y. Chen
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University,
Chongqing, China
Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery, Neurology and Physiology, Neuroscience
Research Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
Y. Zhang
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University,
Chongqing, China
Z. Guo · Y. Yang
Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
L. Liu
Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Nanpi County, Nanpi, Hebei, China
F. Gao
Department of Interventional Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical
University, Beijing, China
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 1
M. Lou et al. (eds.), Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain
Injuries, Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96053-1_1
2 Y. Chen et al.
network and the function of neurobiological and neurovascular components after
stroke. This comprehensive review summarizes the fundamental neurobiology and
neurovascular function in endovascular therapy for stroke patients, using both basic
science research and clinical studies, with a focus on cerebral hemodynamics, cell
energy metabolism, and neurovascular injuries such as brain swelling, hemorrhage or
over-reperfusion. A major emphasis is the potential role of cerebral collateral circu-
lation and venous circulation during and after endovascular therapy. It is clear that
the cerebral hemodynamic balance, venous function, and autoregulation are all
involved in endovascular therapy.
Keywords Neurovascular network · Cerebral veins · Stroke
Abbreviations
CBF Cerebral blood flow
CBF Cerebral blood flow
CFI Collateral flow index
CO Carbon dioxide
2
CPP Cerebral perfusion pressure
CT Computed tomography
CTA computed tomography angiography
CTP Computed tomography perfusion
CTV Computed tomography venography
Y. Lv
Department of Interventional Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Shijiazhuang City,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
M. Zhang
Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University,
Chongqing, China
X. Sun
Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,
Chongqing, China
A. Obenaus
Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
J. Tang · J. H. Zhang (*)
Department of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University,
Loma Linda, CA, USA
H. Feng (*)
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University,
Chongqing, China
Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
1 Neurovascular Network as Future Therapeutic Targets 3
DSA Digital subtraction angiography
DVP Draining vein pressure
DWI Diffusion weighted imaging
ECD Echo color Doppler
EG Emptying gradient
ET Emptying time
FG Filling gradient
FLAIR Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
fMUS Functional micro-ultrasound
FT Filling time
GOS Glasgow outcome scale
HBinF Head inflow
HBoutF Head outflow
MCAO Middle cerebral artery occlusion
MRA Magnetic resonance angiography
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
MRV Magnetic resonance venography
NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
NO Nitric oxide
OPS Orthogonal polarized spectral
PDGF Platelet-derived growth factor
PDGF-BB Platelet-derived growth factor-BB
PPARγ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
rCBF Relative cerebral blood flow
rCBV Relative cerebral blood volume
ROS Reactive oxygen species
rtPA Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
RV Residual volume
SPECT Single photon emission computed tomography
SSS Superior sagittal sinus
SWI Susceptibility weighted imaging
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
VV Venous volume
1 Introduction
Despite decades of efforts in basic and clinical research worldwide, stroke remains
an intractable disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Since 1847,
R. Virchow’s observation that venous thrombi often migrate to the lungs and other
organs, which were subsequently named “embolism” and “thrombosis”, the origins
of ischemia, has altered our understanding of stroke [1, 2]. Since then, neurologists
started to emphasize the vascular cause of ischemic stroke and prevention in the
1950s, which was followed by the introduction of endovascular therapies in the
4 Y. Chen et al.
1980s and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in the 1990s [3, 4].
These strategies tended to retard ischemia progression and to re-establish vascular
reperfusion. To date, these strategies remain at the frontline of early treatment after
stroke [5], partially due to failures related to clinical translational studies of neuro-
protective drugs based on the concept of neuroprotection to reduce infarction since
1980s [6].
Upon entering the twenty-first century, the concept of the neurovascular unit
presented by Lo del Zoppo and Iadecola et al., gained attention for the discovery of
novel strategies for stroke patients [7–9]. In this unit, neurologists attempted to
emphasize and protect connections among vulnerable neurons, simultaneously sup-
porting astrocytes and endothelial cells, not only to reduce infarction but also to
regenerate and reorganize the ischemic brain tissues after stroke [10, 11]. Thus, the
blood brain barrier, as the classical and most typical structure in the neurovascular
unit, has become the hot topic for stroke research [12]. However, additional cellular
populations and other structures are also present in the central nervous system, such
as microglia, pericytes and venules, among others, all of which influence the out-
comes of stroke patients [13–15]. Hence, the vascular neural network might provide
an advanced comprehension of the neurobiology of stroke, shedding new light on
the neurovascular network, reperfusion control and vein drainage during endovas-
cular therapies for stroke patients [16–18] (Fig. 1.1).
Fig. 1.1 History of stroke pathophysiology