Table Of ContentA. Hartmann F. Yatsu W. Kuschinsky
(Eds.)
Cerebral Ischemia
and Basic Mechanisms
With 130 Figures and 30 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Professor Dr. med. ALEXANDER HARTMANN
Neurologische UniversiHitsklinik
Sigmund-Freud-StraBe 25
53127 Bonn, Germany
Professor Dr. med. FRANK Y ATSU
Department of Neurology, Texas Medical Center
The University of Texas
6431 Fannin, Suite 7.004 MSB
Houston, TX 77030, USA
Professor Dr. med. WOLFGANG KUSCHINSKY
Institut flir Physiologie
UniversiHit Heidelberg
1m Neuenheimer Feld 326
69120 Heidelberg, Germany
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78153-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78151-3
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-78151-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Cerebral ischemia and basic mechanisms /
A. Hartmann, F. Yatsu, W. Kuschinsky (eds.). p. cm. Includes bibliographical references
and index. ISBN-13:978-3-642-78153-7 1. Cerebral ischemia-Pathophysiology. I. Hartmann,
A. (Alexander), 1943- . II. Yatsu, Frank M. III. Kuschinsky, Wolfgang, 1944-
[DNLM: 1. Cerebral Ischemia. WL 355 C411375 1993) RC388.5.C65 1994
616.8'1-dc20 DNLMIDLC for Library of Congress 93-24247
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List of Contributors
You will find the addresses at the beginning of the respective
contribution
Abels, e. 366 Fieschi, C. 130
An, G. 250 Fink, G.R. 9
Aoki, H. 171 Fiorelli, M. 130
Arfors, K.E. 391 Floyd, R.A. 301
Argelltino, e. 130 Frackowiak, R.S.J. 19
Ausmeier, F. 204 Frontoni, M. 130
Backhauss, C. 204 Fukuuchi, Y. 273
Baethmann, A. 230, 366, 411 Garcia, J.H. 373
Becker, e.-M. 180 Gori, M.C. 130
Beckman, J.S. 264 Grotta, J.e. 137
Berger, S. 411 Guidolin, D. 125
Betz, E. 190 Hamano, H. 405
Betz, H. 180 Hartl, R. 411
Bleakman, D. 147 Heinel, L.A. 421
Brorson, J.R. 147 Heiss, W.-D. 9
Brown, T.R. 91 Helpern, J.A. 36
Bullock, R. 28 Herholz, K. 9
Canella, R. 125 Hoch, W. 180
Carney, J.M. 301 Hofman, H.P. 158
Cerv6s-Navarro, J. 352 Hossmann, K.A. 237
Chambers, E.D. 391 Hsu, C.Y. 250
Chan, P.H. 292 Huber, M. 9
Chard, P.S. 147 Kempski, O. 103,230
Chen, H. 373 Kindy, M.S. 301
Chen, J. 264 Kinouchi, H. 292
Chen, S. 373 Klawe, e. 103
Chopp, M. 373 Knight, R.A. 36
Comelli, M.e. 125 Kogure, K. 171,201,381
Conger, K.A. 264 Koistinaho, J. 292
Copeland, B.R. 391 Korner, E. 401
Corvin, S. 366 Korves, M. 352
Dautermann, C. 411 Kraig, R.P. 64
De Graba, T.J. 137 Krieglstein, J. 204
Del Zoppo, G.J. 331,391 Landrum, W.R. 301
Dirnagl, U. 366 Lascola, C.D. 64
VI List of Contributors
Lazzaro, A. 125 Smith, C.D. 301
Li, Y. 373 S0rensen, P.S. 430
Lian, J. 373 Staub, F. 230
Lin, T.N. 250 Strong, A.J. 58
Liu, J.S. 250 Stys, P.K. 77
Manev, H. 125 Suga, S. 283
Mauk, M.D. 217 Sugimoto, A. 201
McCulloch, J. 28 Sun, G. 250
Messmer, K. 411 Symon, L. 51
Meyer, J.S. 113 Szabo, L. 158
Miller, R.J. 147 Takashima, S. 113
Monteiro, E. 58 Takeda,A. 201
Mori, E. 391 Tan, M.-J. 264
Murr, R. 411 Tatsuno, T. 301
Nakanishi, S. 201 Taylor, D.L. 51
Nowak, Jr, T.S. 283 Teasdale, G.M. 28
Nuglisch, J. 204 Terakawa, S. 273
Obrenovitch, T.P. 51 Terayama, Y. 113
O'Brien, M.D. 1 Thomas, W.S. 391
Ogawa, S. 405 Tomita, M. 273
Onodera, H. 171,201,381 Toni, D. 130
Ordidge, R.J. 36 Tuma, R.F. 421
Ott, E. 401 Uhl, E. 366
Paulson, O.B. 430 Unger, L. 158
Peruche, B. 204 Vasthare, U.S. 421
~eters, J. 230 Videbrek, C. 430
Pietrzyk, U. 9 Villringer, A. 366
Prehn, J.H.M. 204 Yolk, C. 103
Ransom, B.R. 77 Vorstrup, S. 430
Rohrich, F. 366 Waxham, M.N. 217
Rosenwasser, R.H. 421 Waxman, S.G. 77
Roth, D. 190 Weiller, C. 19
Sacchetti, M.L. 130 Westgate, S.A. 217
Sagar, S.M. 292 Winkler, A. 230
Schmid-SchOnbein, G.W. Wolters, 1. 180
331,391 Wood, K. 301
Schramm, M. ,180 Wu, J.F. 301
Schurer, L. 366,411 Yamamoto, M. 405
Seil, F.J. 312 Yatsu, F.M. 325
Seren, M.S. 125 Yoshida, Y. 373
Sharp, F.R. 292 Zanoni, R. 125
Shiga, Y. 381 Zhang, Z. 373
Shinohara. Y. 405
Preface
In this volume, one of a series of monographs devoted to the
problems of cerebral ischemia and related topics, we present the
proceedings of an international conference on Cerebral Ischemia
and Basic Mechanisms held in Bad Schachen/Lake Constance,
Germany in June 1992.
The enormous progress in research recently on the basic
mechanisms associated with cerebral ischemia has provided
greater insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of reduced
brain perfusion and decreased cerebral metabolism. The high
technology instrumentation used to unravel the intricacies of
cerebral blood flow and metabolism includes positron emission
tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. A description of
sophisticated neurophysiological techniques will give the reader
insight into new models of reversible and irreversible tissue
damage and changes at the molecular level have been described.
The therapeutic approaches which have developed from this re
search have been or will be used in clinical trials and will open
new avenues in the treatment of stroke.
The organizers of the meeting would like to thank the
advisory board for its helpful suggestions and the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft and other sponsors for their important
support.
Bonn, Houston, Heidelberg ALEXANDER HARTMANN
December 1993 FRANK YATSU
WOLFGANG KUSCHINSKY
Contents
The Window of Opportunity for the Treatment of
Cerebral Ischemia
M.D. O'BRIEN...................................... 1
Energy Metabolism
Uncoupling of Flow and Metabolism in Early
Ischemic Stroke
W.-D. HEISS, G.R. FINK, M. HUBER, K. HERHOLZ, and
U. PIETRZYK (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Recovery from Motor Stroke: Different Patterns of
Functional Reorganisation in Individual Patients
C. WEILLER and R.S.J. FRACKOWIAK (With 2 Figures)..... 19
Head Injuries: A Target for Neuroprotection
G.M. TEASDALE, R. BULLOCK, and J. MCCULLOCH
(With 2 Figures) .................................... 28
Changes in the Biophysical Environment of Water
Following Focal Brain Ischemia in the Rat
J.A. HELPERN, R.J. ORDIDGE, and R.A. KNIGHT
(With 6 Figures) .................................... 36
Acidosis
Aspects of Acid-Base Homeostasis in Ischemia
L. SYMON, D.L. TAYLOR, and T.P. OBRENOVITCH
(With 3 Figures) .................................... 51
X Contents
Acidosis: A Marker for Penumbra or a Target
for Treatment?
A.J. STRONG and E. MONTEIRO. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
Astrocytic H+ and Ca2+ Changes: Implications for
Ischemic Brain Injury
R.P. KRAIG and C.D. LASCOLA (With 4 Figures) ....... . . 64
Anoxic Injury of Central Myelinated Axons: Nonsynaptic
Ionic Mechanisms
B.R. RANSOM, S.G. WAXMAN, and P.K. STYS
(With 5 Figures) .................................... 77
In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Observation of
Cerebral Metabolism
T.R. BROWN (With 8 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Effects of Extracellular Acidosis on Glial Cell Intracellular
pH: Evidence for a Glial Spatial H+ -
Buffering Mechanism?
C. KLAWE, C. VOLK, and O. KEMPSKI (With 3 Figures) 103
Intracellular Messengers
Calcium Channel Blockers Prevent Delayed Cerebral
Ischemia After Intracranial Aneurysmal Subarachnoid
Hemorrhage
J.S. MEYER, S. TAKASHIMA, and Y. TERAYAMA . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Monosialoganglioside GM in Experimental Models
1
of Stroke
M.S. SEREN, A. LAZZARO, M.e. COMELLI, R. CANELLA,
R. ZANONI, D. GUIDOLIN, and H. MANEV
(With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
What Are We Learning from Clinical Trials in Acute
Cerebral Ischemia?
e. FlESCH!, M. FRONTONI, M. FIORELLI, M.L. SACCHETTI,
D. TONI, C. ARGENTINO, and M.e. GOR!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Threshold of Calcium Influx After Global and Focal
Ischemia: Implications for the Window of Therapeutic
Opportunity
T.J. DE GRABA and J.C. GROTIA (With 6 Figures). . . . . . . . 137
Contents XI
Non-NMDA Glutamate Receptors in the Regulation of
Neuronal Ca2+ and Excitotoxicity
R.J. MILLER, J.R. BRORSON, D. BLEAKMAN, and
P.S. CHARD (With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Phenyl alkylamine Calcium Antagonists as
Cerebroprotective Agents
L. SZABO, H.P. HOFMANN, and L. UNGER
(With 3 Figures) .................................... 158
Intracellular Messengers After Ischemia
H. ONODERA, H. AOKI, and K. KOGURE
(With 4 Figures) .................................... 171
Influence of NMDA Receptor Antagonists on Glycine
Receptor Isoform Expression in Spinal Cord Cultures
C.-M. BECKER, W. HOCH, M. SCHRAMM, I. WOLTERS, and
H. BETZ (With 4 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Effects of Calcium Antagonists on Experimentally
Induced Carotid Intimal Proliferations
E. BETZ and D. ROTH (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Excitatory Amino Acids and Excitotoxicity
Unsettled Role of Glutamate/Glutamate Receptors in
Ischemic Excitotoxic Neuronal Damage
A. SUGIMOTO, A. TAKEDA, H. ONODERA, S. NAKANISHI,
and K. KOGURE .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Neuroprotective Effects of 5-HT Receptor Agonists
1A
B. PERUCHE, F. AUSMEIER, C. BACKHAUSS, J. NUGLISCH,
J.H.M. PREHN, and J. KRlEGLSTEIN (With 2 Figures). . . . . . 204
In Vitro Ischemia in the Hippocampal Slice
M.N. WAXHAM, S.A. WESTGATE, and M.D. MAUK
(With 4 Figures) .................................... 217
Glial Swelling and Damage by Arachidonic Acid
F. STAUB, A. WINKLpR, J. PETERS, O. KEMPSKI, and
A. BAETHMANN ..................................... 230
XII Contents
Free Radicals, Protein Synthesis
Disturbances of Cerebral Protein Synthesis in Global and
Focal Ischemia
K.A. HOSSMANN (With 2 Figures) ..................... 237
Neurotrophin Expression and Gene Regulation in a Focal
Cerebral Ischemia Model in the Rat
c.Y. Hsu, G. AN, J.S. LIU, G. SUN, and T.N. LIN
(With 7 Figures) .................................... 250
Nitroarginine Reduces Infarction After Middle Cerebral
Artery Occlusion in Rats
J. CHEN, K.A. CONGER, M.-J. TAN, and J.S. BECKMAN
(With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
No Appreciable Swelling of Cultured Neurons After
Oxygen Deprivation, and Cell Damage Occasionally
Aggravated by Oxygen Resupply
M. TOMITA, Y. FUKUUCHI, and S. TERAKAWA
(With 5 Figures) .................................... 273
Gene Expression
Changes in Gene Expression After Brief Ischemic Insults
as Potential Mediators of Induced Tolerance: Postischemic
Temperature as a Variable Affecting the Stress Response
S. SUGA and T.S. NOWAK, JR. (With 2 Figures) .......... 283
Heat Shock Gene Expression as a Marker of Ischemic and
Other Types of Injury
F.R. SHARP, H. KINOUCHI, J. KOISTINAHO, P.H. CHAN, and
S.M. SAGAR (With 1 Figure) .......................... 292
Gene Expression and Functional Changes After Acute
Ischemia: Age-Related Differences in Outcome and
Mechanisms
J.M. CARNEY, M.S. KINDY, C.D. SMITH, K. WOOD,
T. TATSUNO, J.F. Wu, W.R. LANDRUM, and R.A. FLOYD
(With 8 Figures) .................................... 301
Models of Neural Circuit Reorganization After Injury
F.J. SElL (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . 312
