Cerebral Cortex: Comparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral Cortex, Part II

507 Pages·1990·21.21 MB·English

by  Wally Welker (auth.)

CEREBRAL
CORTEX
Volume 8B
Comparative Structure
and Evolution of
Cerebral Cortex, Part II
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Edited by Edward G. Jones and Alan Peters
Advisory Committee
J. C. Eccles, Contra, Switzerland
H. H. Jasper, Montreal, Canada
V. B. Mountcastle, BaltiTTWre, Maryland
W. J. H. Nauta, Cambridge, Massachusetts
S. L. Palay, Boston, Massachusetts
F. Plum, New York, New York
R. D. Terry, La Jolla, California
P. Ulinski, Chicago, Illinois
Volume 1 : Cellular Components of the Cerebral Cortex
Volume 2: Functional Properties of Cortical Cells
Volume 3: Visual Cortex
Volume 4: Association and Auditory Cortices
Volume 5: Sensory-Motor Areas and Aspects of Cortical Connectivity
Volume 6: Further Aspects of Cortical Function, Including Hippocampus
Volume 7: Development and Maturation of Cerebral Cortex
Volume8A: Comparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral Cortex, Part I
Volume8B: Comparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral Cortex, Part II
Volume 9: Normal and Altered States of Function
CEREB
CORTEX
Volume 8B
Comparative Structure
and Evolution of
Cerebral Cortex, Part II
Edited by
EDWARD G. JONES
California Col/ege of Medicine
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, California
and
ALAN PETERS
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congn:ss Cataloging in Publication Oala
(Revisedforvol.8a-8b)
Cerebral cortex.
VoI. 2, 5- ediled by Edward G.Jones and Alan Peters.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Cellular components of the cerebral cortex-v. 2. Functional
properties of cortial cells-[etc.)-v. 8. Comparative structure and evolution of
cerebral cortex, Parts I and II.
1. Cerebral cortex. 1. Peters, Alan, 1929- II. Jones, Edward G.,
1939- [DNLM: 1. Cerebral Cortex-analomy and hislology. 2. Cerebral
Cortex - physiology.
QP383.C45 1984 612'.825 84-1982
ISBN 978-1-4613-6706-2 ISBN 978-1-4615-3824-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3824-0
© 1990 Springer Scîence+Business Media New York
Orlg!nal.Iy published by Plenum Press In 1990
Softcu.·cr reprinl uflhc hardcu.·cr ISI cdiliun 1990
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, ele<::tronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Mary Carlson Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Christine Gall Department ofA natomy and Neurobiology, U niver
sity of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92717
Ilya I. Glezer Neuroscience Program, The City College of New
York Medical School, New York, New York 10031;
and Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New
York Aquarium, Brooklyn, New York 11224
Lewis B. Haberly Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin
Medical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
53706
Myron S. Jacobs New York University Dental Center, New York
University, New York, 10010; and Osborn Labora
tories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium,
Brooklyn, New York 11224
John Irwin Johnson Anatomy Department and Neuroscience Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
48824
Peter J. Morgane Laboratory of Neurobiology, Worcester Founda
tion for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Mas
sachusetts 01545
Mark Rowe School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Univer
sity of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2033
Wally Welker Department of Neurophysiology, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
v
Preface
The cerebral cortex, especially that part customarily designated "neocortex," is
one of the hallmarks of mammalian evolution and reaches its greatest size,
relatively speaking, and its widest structural diversity in the human brain. The
evolution of this structure, as remarkable for the huge numbers of neurons that
it contains as for the range of behaviors that it controls, has been of abiding
interest to many generations of neuroscientists. Yet few theories of cortical evo
lution have been proposed and none has stood the test of time. In particular, no
theory has been successful in bridging the evolutionary gap that appears to exist
between the pallium of non mammalian vertebrates and the neocortex of mam
mals. Undoubtedly this stems in large part from the rapid divergence of non
mammalian and mammalian forms and the lack of contemporary species whose
telencephalic wall can be seen as having transitional characteristics. The mono
treme cortex, for example, is unquestionably mammalian in organization and
that of no living reptile comes close to resembling it. Yet anatomists such as
Ramon y Cajal, on examining the finer details of cortical structure, were struck
by the similarities in neuronal form, particularly of the pyramidal cells, and their
predisposition to laminar alignment shared by representatives of all vertebrate
classes. In later years, other anatomists, in studying the connectivity of the pal
lium in nonmammals, have been able to identify putative homologues of the
mammalian hippocampal formation and possibly of other cortical territories as
well. These observations lend credence to the belief in a fundamental com
monality from which has emerged in the course of evolution the radical dif
ferences in structure of the telencephalic wall exhibited by fish, amphibians,
birds, and mammals.
The present pair of volumes cannot be regarded as a complete study in the
evolution of the cerebral cortex. However, they do set out in some detail the
range of telencephalic and especially cortical structure and connectivity exhib
ited by the five major classes of vertebrates, and contain many insights into the
special characteristics of each. Volume SA deals largely with nonmammalian
vertebrates. It starts with three chapters by Wilhelmus J. A. J. Smeets and by R.
vii
viii Nieuwenhuys and J. Meek on the brains of fish, in which telencephalic evolution
seems to have emphasized the development of a large central nucleus at the
PREFACE expense of a pallium. It then includes chapters by Timothy J. Neary and Philip S.
Ulinski on the telencephalic wall of amphibia and reptiles, in which a rudimen
tary and, in some regions, relatively advanced cortical structure is seen. This part
concludes with an essay by Philip S. Ulinski and Daniel Margoliash on birds, in
which the functions of a cortex per se seem to have been largely subsumed by the
enormous expansion of that unique structure, the hyperstriatum. The latter part
of Volume SA serves as an introduction to the detailed studies of mammals
presented in Volume SB. It includes our analysis of the fossil record of neocor
tical evolution by Harry J. Jerison, and essays by John Allman and Edward G.
Jones on the fundamental elements of cortical structure and cortical develop
ment upon which the evolutionary process must exert its effects. Volume SB
deals solely with the cerebral cortex of mammals and includes chapters on com
parative structure of particular regions, such as the olfactory cortex (by Lewis B.
Haberly) and the hippocampal formation (by Christine Gall), and considerations
by Peter J. Morgane, Ilya I. Glezer, and Myron S. Jacobs, and Mark Rowe, of
cortical structure in orders as diverse as marsupials and dolphins. The evolution
ary development of some particular functional areas of the neocortex is pursued
by Mary Carlson and John Irwin Johnson in their chapters. A study by Wally
Welker on the determinants of sulci and gyri in living forms nicely complements
that by Harry J. Jerison in Volume SA.
The editors are again grateful for the efforts and forbearance displayed by
the contributors to this wide-ranging pair of volumes, and feel confident that the
high quality of their chapters will be as widely recognized.
Edward G. Jones
Alan Peters
Irvine and Boston
Contents
Volume SA
I. Nonmammalian Vertebrates
Chapter 1
The Telencephalon of Cartilaginous Fishes
Wilhelmus J. A. J. Smeets
Chapter 2
The Telencephalon of Actinopterygian Fishes
J.
Rudolf Nieuwenhuys and Meek
Chapter 3
The Telencephalon of Sarcopterygian Fishes
J.
Rudolf Nieuwenhuys and Meek
Chapter 4
The Pallium of Anuran Amphibians
J.
Timothy Neary
Chapter 5
The Cerebral Cortex of Reptiles
Philip S. Ulinski
Chapter 6
Neurobiology of the Reptile-Bird Transition
Philip S. Ulinski and Daniel Margoliash
ix
x II. Introduction to Mammalian Cortical Evolution
CONTENTS
Chapter 7
Evolution of Neocortex
John Allman
Chapter 8
Fossil Evidence on the Evolution of the Neocortex
J.
Harry J erison
Chapter 9
Modulatory Events in the Development and Evolution of Primate
Neocortex
Edward G. Jones
Volume 8B
III. Mammals
Chapter 10
Why Does Cerebral Cortex Fissure and Fold? A Review of
Determinants of Gyri and Sulci
Wally Welker
1. Introduction.................................................. 3
2. Definitions and Nomenclature .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1. Gyral Nomenclature.......................... .......... .. 8
2.2. Sulcal Nomenclature. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 9
2.3. Cross-Sectional Morphology of Gyri and Sulci.. . . .. . . .. . . . . . 18
2.4. Standardization of Nomenclature .......................... 19
3. Ontogeny of Convoluted Cortex .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1. Normal Macroscopic Developmental Events ................. 20
3.2. Initial Formation of the Cortical Mantle: Migration. . .. . . . . . . 20
3.3. Gyrogenesis.............................................. 22
3.4. Mechanical Forces Generated during Gyrogenesis ........... 30
3.5. Role of Nonneural Structures in Cortical Development. . . . . . . 31
3.6. Experimental Alterations of Developing Gyri and Sulci ...... 35
3.7. Pathological Gyral and Sulcal Patterns ...................... 37
4. Neuroanatomical Features of Convoluted Cortex: Architecture and
Connectivity .................................................. 39
4.1. Architectural Differences between Crowns, Walls, and Fundi 41
4.2. Architectonic Areas and Their Relation to Gyral Crowns,
Sulcal Walls, and Fundi ................................... 43
4.3. Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic Connections. . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.4. Intergyral Connections.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . 57
4.5. Interhemispheric Connections ............................ . 57 xi
4.6. Other Efferent Connections .............................. . 60
CONTENTS
4.7. Intragyral Connections ................................... . 60
5. Electrophysiological Correlates of Gyri and Sulci ................ . 63
6. Comparative Studies of Gyri and Sulci ......................... . 71
6.1. Phylogeny Evaluated by Paleoneurology ................... . 71
6.2. Evolution of Gyri and Sulci Inferred from Comparative
Neurobiology ........................................... . 74
6.3. Taxon-Specific Gyral-Sulcal Patterns ...................... . 91
6.4. Significance of Taxon-Specific, Individual, and
Interhemispheric Differences ............................. . 104
6.5. Questions of Evolution and Homology .................... . 105
7. Explanation of Gyrification and Fissuration ..................... . 105
8. Methodological Issues ........................................ . 108
9. Structural-Functional Significance of Gyrification ............... . 108
10. References ................................................... . 110
Chapter 11
Comparative Aspects of Olfactory Cortex
Lewis B. H aberly
1. Introduction.................................................. 137
2. Definition of Olfactory Cortex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 138
3. Comparative Anatomy and Physiology .......................... 139
3.1. Mammals................................................ 139
3.2. Reptiles.................................................. 150
3.3. Amphibians.............................................. 152
3.4. Sharks................................................... 154
4. Comparison of Olfactory Cortex to Other Types of
Cerebral Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155
4.1. Comparison to Hippocampal Cortex ....................... 155
4.2. Comparison to Neocortex ................................. 156
5. Summary and Conclusions ..................................... 159
6. References.................................................... 160
Chapter 12
Comparative Anatomy of the Hippocampus: With Special Reference to
Differences in the Distributions of Neuroactive Peptides
Christine Gall
1. Introduction.................................................. 167
2. Cytoarchitectonics............................................. 169
3. Allometric Relationships ....................................... 171
4. Comparative Differences in Afferent Topographies. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175
4.1. Major Intrinsic Afferent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175
4.2. Afferents from Entorhinal Cortex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179
4.3. Lack of Exclusive Afferent Lamination in the Hamster
Dentate Gyrus ........................................... 182
4.4. Summary................................................ 185