Ceramics in Severe Environments: Proceedings of the Sixth University Conference on Ceramic Science North Carolina State University at Raleigh December 7–9, 1970

620 Pages·1971·36.547 MB·English

by  C. B. Alcock, S. Zador (auth.), Wurth W. Kriegel, Hayne Palmour III (eds.)

MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH
Volume 5
CERAMICS IN SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS
MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH
Volume 1: Proceedings of the 1962 Research Conference on Structure and
Properties of Engineering Materials
- edited by H. H. Stadelmaier and W. W. Austin
Volume 2: Proceedings of the 1964 Southern Metals/Materials Conference
- edited by H. M. Otte and S. R. Locke
Volume 3: Proceedings of the 1964 Conference on the Role of Grain Bound
aries and Surfaces in Ceramics
- edited by W. Wurth Kriegel and Hayne Palmour III
Volume 4: Proceedings of the 1967 International Symposium on Kinetics
and Reactions in Ionic Systems
- edited by T. J. Gray and V. D. Frechette
Volume 5: Proceedings of the 1970 Conference on Ceramics in Severe
Environments
- edited by W. Wurth Kriegel and Hayne Palmour III
MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH. Volume 5
CERAMICS IN
SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS
Proceedings of the Sixth ,Vniversity Conference on Ceramic Science
North Carolina State University at Raleigh
December 7-9, 1970
Edited by
W. Wurth Kriegel
Department of Materials Engineering
North Carolina State University
and
Hayne Palmour III
Department of Engineering Research
North Carolina State University
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PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK • 1971
SIXTH UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE ON CERAMIC SCIENCE
This Conference was held at the Hilton Inn adjacent to North Carolina
State University at Raleigh, December 7-9,1970. The Conference was con
ducted by the School of Engineering through the Division of Continuing
Education of North Carolina St~te University in cooperation with the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Army Research
Office-Durham, and the U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Laboratories.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 63-17645
ISBN 978-1-4684-3143-8 ISBN 978-1-4684-3141-4 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4684-3141-4
© 1971 Plenum Press. New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NW10 6SE, London, England
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
form without written permission from the publisher
PREFACE
This volume constitutes the Proceedings of the Sixth University
Conference on Ceramic Science which was held at North Carolina
State University in Raleigh, December 7-9, 1970. Previous host
institutions and resultant publications in this ongoing series have
been:
1. North Carolina State University, November 16-18, 1964.
W. W. K:r>iegeZ and H. PaZmour III~ Eds. ~ The RoZe of Grain
Boundaries and Surfaaes in Ceramias. 631 pp.~ Mater'iaZs
Saienae Researah~ Vol-. 3~ PZenwn P1'eSs~ New York~ 1966 .
•
2. University of Notre Dame, June 21-23, 1965.
G. C. Kuazynski~ N. A. Hooten and C. F. Gibbon~ Eds.~
Sintering and ReZated Phenomena~ 894 pp. Gordon and
Breaah Saienae New 1967.
PubZishers~ Ina.~ York~
3. University of California at Berkeley, June 13-16, 1966.
R. M. FuZrath and J. A. Pask~ Eds.~ Ceramia ~arostruatures­
Their AnaZysis~ Signifiaanae and Produatidn. 1008 pp.
John WiZey & New 1968.
Sons~ Ina.~ York~
4. State University of New York, College of Ceramics at
Alfred University, June 18-23, 1967.
T. J. Gray and V. D. Freahette~ Eds.~ Kinetias of Reaations
in Ionia SoZids. 571 pp. MateriaZs Saienae Researah~
VoZ. 4~ PZenwn Press~ New York~ 1969.
5. University of Florida, Novem1:>er 10-14, 1969.
L. L. Henah and D. B. Dove~ Eds.~ Physias of EZeatronia
Ceramias. M. Ina. (In Press).
Dekker~
The 1970 conference directed special attention to appZiaations
of ceramics. In many instances ceramics are qualified (often
uniquely) for service in situations so severe that other classes of
materials cannot be reliably employed. This volume, comprising 41
invited papers by a total of 72 contributing authors, examines new
findings and presents technologically significant effects (and
limitations) relating to ceramic materials, their properties, and
their uses which are attributable to chemical, thermal, mechanical,
electromagnetic and/or nuclear radiation environments.
Interest is focused on environmental factors, singly or in
combination, which are characterized as severe or even extreme in
terms of their influence upon materials. Though they challenge
materials scientists and engineers and the materials they develop
and produce, these severe environments are both characteristic of
and critically important to our highly technological society.
v
PREFACE
vi
The breadth and importance of the field is so large, and the
stature of the individual contributing authors so great, that it
was not possible to designate anyone person or paper to keynote
the Conference and its Proceedings. Rather, we suggest that the
theme itself--Ceramics in Severe Environments--be considered the
keynote issue. Ceramics of real technological interest are likely
to have their most important advantages and their greatest use
potentials in these difficult situations. Future trends in this
vital field will be inescapably linked (as have those in the past)
with economic and technologic justifications which both stimulate
and place practical limits upon all phases (research, design,
fabrication, testing, and evaluation) of significant new product
developments. Clearly, scientific understanding of constitution
microstructure-environment-property relationships of the kinds con
sidered in this volume is urgently needed in preparing to meet
complex engineering requirements for ceramic and composite materials
in the future.
One cannot engage in planning, conducting, and editing an
educational venture of this magnitude without support and assistance
from a great many persons. We emerge from the experience with
renewed appreciation for the accomplishments of teamwork and with
deep personal gratitude and respect for the dedicated efforts of
each of the individuals who contributed so much to making it all
possible.
The List of Contributors (P. viii) formally acknowledges the
many services rendered by the members of the Conference Staff and
the several Session Chairmen, as well as the creative efforts of an
international group of distinguished Authors. We extend our special
personal thanks to each one for the cooperative attitudes, timely
responses, and many helpful suggestions which have characterized all
of our working relationships with them.
On behalf of the participants, the University, and the ceramic
profession at large, we also gratefully acknowledge financial
support provided by the three sponsoring agencies: National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S. Army Research Office -
Durham, and U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Laboratories. To
ha~e proceeded without adequate funding would have been impractical;
to have obtained it in these fiscally difficult times without
dedicated supporting effort on the part of the cognizant sponsors'
representatives would have been impossible. We are endebted to
J. J. Gangler (NASA), H.M. Davis (ARO-D), and H.C. Graham, N.M.
Tallan and H.A. Davis (ARL) for their effective and most helpful
advocacy.
As in the past, North Carolina State University has contributed
very substant·ially of its time, effort and good will in making
PREFACE vii
possible this sixth in the series of University Conferences on
Ceramic Science. Frequent assistance was rendered and patient
forbearance was often displayed by our University associates, in
cluding students, faculty and staff colleagues, and concerned
administrators, during the many months we have been deeply involved
in planning, organizing, and editing. We are especially grateful
for the active participation in the Conference program by Provost
H. C. Kelly, welcoming attendees to the University; Dean of Engi
neering R. E. Fadum, presiding at the Conference Dinner; and
Associate Dean of Engineering H. B. Smith, introducing the tour of
the campus research facilities. Chancellor John T. Caldwell was
featured as the dinner speaker, presenting a stimulating and timely
address entitled "The Role of Education in Man's Changing Envirqnment."
In any such undertaking, the prospects of a favorable outcome
really rest upon the skills, enthusiasms, and efforts of a few
persons who work with dedication, but largely behind the scenes.
Thus, we wish to acknowledge with very special personal thanks
Mrs. Janice Mudge for secretarial assistance before, during, and
after the Conference; M. L. Huckabee and C. E. Zimmer for serving
so effectively as Conference projectionists; Mrs. Ann Ethridge,
assisted by Miss Beth JohnsonJfor skillful, patient, and effective
typing of the entire Proceedings; and Miss Johnson, Mr. Huckabee,
and Mr. Zimmer for major assistance in indexing. Finally, it is
appropriate to acknowledge with real affection the patience, tol
erance, and tangible and moral support we have been accorded by
our respective families and friends during this period of editorial
servitude.
W.W. Kriegel
Raleigh Hayne Palmour III
June 24, 1971
CONTRIBUTORS
CONFERENCE STAFF
NOKfH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
Co-Chairmen
W. W. Kriegel, Professor and Graduate Administrator, Materials
Engineering Department
H. Palmour III, Research Professor of Ceramic Engineering,
Department of Engineering Research
Program and Publication Advisors
W. o. Doggett, Professor of Physics
R. A. Douglas, Associate Head, Department of Engineering
Mechanics
H. H. Stadelmaier, Research Professor of Metallurgy
R. F. Stoops, Acting Director, Department of Engineering
Research
APzoa:ngements
M. E. Shields, Coordinator, Division of Continuing Education
Hospitality and Tours
W. W. Austin, Head, Department of Materials Engineering
T. S. Elleman, Professor and Graduate Administrator, Department
of Nuclear Engineering
J. C. Hurt, Assistant Professor, Materials Engineering
Publicity
M. N. Yionoulis, Engineering Publications and Information,
Office of Information Services
CONFERENCE SESSION CHAIRMEN
L. L. Hench
University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601
G. C. Kuczynski
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556
E. E. Mueller
State University of New York at Alfred University,
Alfred, N. Y. 14802
J. I. Mueller
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105
R. M. Spriggs
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 18105
S. M. Wiederhorn
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234
viii
AllfHORS
A. ACCARY
Centre D'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
C. B. ALCOCK
University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada
M. G. BADER
University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England
J. E. BAILEY
University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England
H. A. BARKER
University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England
J. L. BATES
Battelle Northwest, Richland, Wash. 99352
P. F. BECHER
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20390
J. R. BEELER
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27607
I. BELL
University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England
H. S. BENNETT
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234
S. A. BORTZ
I.I.T. Research Institute, Chicago, Ill. 60616
W. A. BRANTLEY
U.S. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown,
Mass. 02172
W. H. BOYER
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, Pleasanton, Calif. 94566
J. D. BUCKLEY
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, Va. 23365
J. E. BURKE
General Electric Research and Development Center,
Schenectady, N.Y. 12301
ix
AUTHORS
x
S. C. CARNIGLIA
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, Pleasanton, Calif. 94566
A. E. CLARK
University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601
A. H. CLAUER
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201
J. C. CONWAY
Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pa. 16801
J. A. COOLEY
Martin-Marietta Corporation, Denver, Colo. 80201
A. R. COOPER
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
D. R. CROPPER
University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720
H. H. DAVIS
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
R. H. DOREMUS
General Electric Research and Development Center
Schenectady, N. Y. 12301
L. L. FEHRENBACHER
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
W. J. FERGUSON
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20390
R. F. FIRESTONE
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
D. J. GODFREY
Admiralty Materials Laboratory, Holton Heath
Dorset, (BH16 6JU) England
H. C. GRAHAM
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
G. O. HARRELL
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27607
D. P. H. HASSELMAN
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. 18015