Cengage Advantage Books: The Earth and Its Peoples, Complete

914 Pages·2010·36.36 MB·English

by  Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson

The Earth
and Its Peoples
A Global History
FIFTH EDITION
ADVANTAGE EDITION
Richard W. Bulliet
Columbia University
Pamela Kyle Crossley
Dartmouth College
Daniel R. Headrick
Roosevelt University
Steven W. Hirsch
Tufts University
Lyman L. Johnson
University of North Carolina–Charlotte
David Northrup
Boston College
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global © 2011, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
History, 5e, Advantage Edition
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10
Brief Contents
Part One The Emergence of Human Communities, to 500 b.c.e. 1
1 Nature, Humanity, and History, to 3500 b.c.e. 2
2 The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500–1500 b.c.e. 21
3 New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200–250 b.c.e. 46
4 The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000–500 b.c.e. 71
Part Two The Formation of New Cultural Communities, 1000 b.c.e.–400 c.e. 102
5 Greece and Iran, 1000–30 b.c.e. 103
6 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 b.c.e.–330 c.e. 132
7 India and Southeast Asia, 1500 b.c.e.–1025 c.e. 160
Part Three Growth and Interaction of Cultural Communities, 300 b.c.e.–1200 c.e. 186
8 Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 b.c.e.–1100 c.e. 187
9 The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200–1200 207
10 Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600–1200 229
11 Inner and East Asia, 400–1200 254
12 Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200–1500 274
Part Four Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200–1550 300
13 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200–1500 301
14 Tropical Africa and Asia, 1200–1500 328
15 The Latin West, 1200–1500 349
16 The Maritime Revolution, to 1550 369
Part Five The Globe Encompassed, 1500–1750 396
17 Transformations in Europe, 1500–1750 398
18 The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530–1770 420
19 The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550–1800 446
20 Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500–1750 469
21 Northern Eurasia, 1500–1800 493
Part Six Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750–1870 515
22 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–1850 517
23 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760–1851 543
24 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800–1890 565
25 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870 594
26 Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750–1870 617
Part Seven Global Diversity and Dominance, 1850–1945 644
27 The New Power Balance, 1850–1900 645
28 The New Imperialism, 1869–1914 670
29 The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900–1929 695
30 The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929–1949 721
31 Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900–1949 747
Part Eight Perils and Promises of a Global Community, 1945 to the Present 768
32 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945–1975 769
33 The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and
Immigration, 1975–2000 795
34 New Challenges in a New Millennium 820
iii
Contents
Preface x Celtic Europe, 1000–50 b.c.e. 62
About the Authors xiv First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and
Note on Spelling and Usage xv Chavín, 1200–250 b.c.e. 66
IMPORTANT EVENTS 2200 B.C.E. TO 300 B.C.E. 70
Part One
4
THE EMERGENCE OF HUMAN
COMMUNITIES, TO 500 B.C.E. 1 THE MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST,
2000–500 B.C.E. 71
The Cosmopolitan Middle East,
1
1700–1100 b.c.e. 72
NATURE, HUMANITY, AND HISTORY, The Aegean World, 2000–1100 b.c.e. 77
TO 3500 B.C.E. 2 The Assyrian Empire, 911–612 b.c.e. 81
African Genesis 2 Israel, 2000–500 b.c.e. 84
Technology and Culture in the Ice Age 7 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Protests Against
the Ruling Class in Israel and Babylonia 89
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY:
Phoenicia and the Mediterranean,
The Iceman 12
1200–500 b.c.e. 93
The Agricultural Revolutions 13
Failure and Transformation, 750–550 b.c.e. 98
Life in Neolithic Communities 16
IMPORTANT EVENTS 2000 B.C.E. TO
IMPORTANT EVENTS TO 3500 B.C.E. 20
500 B.C.E. 99
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Animal
2 Domestication 100
THE FIRST RIVER-VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS,
3500–1500 B.C.E. 21 Part Two
Mesopotamia 22 THE FORMATION OF NEW
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Violence CULTURAL COMMUNITIES,
and Order in the Babylonian New Year’s
1000 B.C.E.–400 C.E. 102
Festival 28
Egypt 33
The Indus Valley Civilization 42 5
IMPORTANT EVENTS 3500 B.C.E. TO GREECE AND IRAN,
1500 B.C.E. 45
1000–30 B.C.E. 103
Ancient Iran, 1000–500 b.c.e. 104
3
The Rise of the Greeks, 1000–500 b.c.e. 110
NEW CIVILIZATIONS IN THE EASTERN The Struggle of Persia and Greece,
546–323 b.c.e. 120
AND WESTERN HEMISPHERES,
The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323–30 b.c.e. 126
2200–250 B.C.E. 46
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Ancient
Early China, 2000–221 b.c.e. 47
Astronomy 127
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY:
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1000 B.C.E. TO
Divination in Ancient Societies 50
30 B.C.E. 131
Nubia, 3100 b.c.e.–350 c.e. 58
iv
CONTENTS v
6 9
AN AGE OF EMPIRES: ROME AND HAN THE SASANID EMPIRE AND THE RISE OF
CHINA, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. 132 ISLAM, 200–1200 207
Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, The Sasanid Empire, 224–651 208
753 b.c.e.–330 c.e. 133 The Origins of Islam 210
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: The Treatment of The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258 214
Slaves in Rome and China 140
Islamic Civilization 222
The Origins of Imperial China,
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Chemistry 225
221 b.c.e.–220 c.e. 149
IMPORTANT EVENTS 200–1200 228
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1000 B.C.E. TO 220 C.E. 159
10
7
CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE
INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA, IN EUROPE, 600–1200 229
1500 B.C.E.–1025 C.E. 160 The Byzantine Empire, 600–1200 230
Foundations of Indian Civilization, Early Medieval Europe, 600–1000 233
1500 b.c.e.–300 c.e. 161 The Western Church 238
Imperial Expansion and Collapse, DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: The Struggle for
324 b.c.e.–650 c.e. 170 Christian Morality 239
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Indian Kievan Russia, 900–1200 245
Mathematics 174
Western Europe Revives, 1000–1200 247
Southeast Asia, 50–1025 c.e. 178
The Crusades, 1095–1204 250
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500 B.C.E. TO IMPORTANT EVENTS 300–1200 253
1025 C.E. 182
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Oral Societies and the
Consequences of Literacy 183 11
INNER AND EAST ASIA, 400–1200 254
Part Three The Sui and Tang Empires, 581–755 255
The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200 261
GROWTH AND INTERACTION OF
New Kingdoms in East Asia 267
CULTURAL COMMUNITIES,
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Writing in East
300 B.C.E.–1200 C.E. 186 Asia, 400–1200 268
IMPORTANT EVENTS 200–1200 273
8
12
NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND
PEOPLES AND CIVILIZATIONS OF THE
EXCHANGE, 300 B.C.E.–1100 C.E. 187
AMERICAS, 200–1500 274
The Silk Road 188
Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica,
The Indian Ocean Maritime System 192
200–900 275
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Travel Accounts of The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica,
Africa and India 193
900–1500 280
Routes Across the Sahara 197
Northern Peoples 285
Sub-Saharan Africa 200
Andean Civilizations, 200–1500 288
The Spread of Ideas 203
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Burials as Historical
IMPORTANT EVENTS 300 B.C.E. TO Texts 292
1100 C.E. 206
vi CONTENTS
IMPORTANT EVENTS 200–1500 297 16
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Religious
Conversion 298 THE MARITIME REVOLUTION, TO
1550 369
Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450 370
Part Four
European Expansion, 1400–1550 374
INTERREGIONAL PATTERNS Encounters with Europe, 1450–1550 381
OF CULTURE AND CONTACT, DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Kongo’s Christian
King 384
1200–1550 300
IMPORTANT EVENTS TO 1500 392
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Climate and
13 Population to 1500 394
MONGOL EURASIA AND ITS AFTERMATH,
1200–1500 301 Part Five
The Rise of the Mongols, 1200–1260 302 THE GLOBE ENCOMPASSED,
The Mongols and Islam, 1260–1500 306 1500–1750 396
Regional Responses in Western Eurasia 310
Mongol Domination in China, 1271–1368 314
17
The Early Ming Empire, 1368–1500 317
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: From Gunpowder TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPE,
to Guns 321 1500–1750 398
Centralization and Militarism in East Asia,
Culture and Ideas 399
1200–1500 322
Social and Economic Life 406
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1200–1500 327
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Mapping the
World 409
14 Political Innovations 412
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1750 419
TROPICAL AFRICA AND ASIA,
1200–1500 328
18
Tropical Lands and Peoples 328
New Islamic Empires 332 THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Personal Styles of Rule SOCIETIES, 1530–1770 420
in India and Mali 336
The Columbian Exchange 421
Indian Ocean Trade 340
Spanish America and Brazil 423
Social and Cultural Change 345
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Race and Ethnicity in
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1200–1500 348 the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchy 430
English and French Colonies in North America 434
Colonial Expansion and Conflict 442
15
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1770 445
THE LATIN WEST, 1200–1500 349
Rural Growth and Crisis 349
19
Urban Revival 354
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: The Clock 358 THE ATLANTIC SYSTEM AND AFRICA,
Learning, Literature, and the Renaissance 359 1550–1800 446
Political and Military Transformations 364 Plantations in the West Indies 447
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1200–1500 368 Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century 449
CONTENTS vii
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Amerindian Foods 23
in Africa 452
Creating the Atlantic Economy 456 THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,
1760–1851 543
Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam 462
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1800 468 Causes of the Industrial Revolution 544
The Technological Revolution 547
The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution 554
20
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Gas Lighting 557
SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN New Economic and Political Ideas 560
OCEAN, 1500–1750 469 The Limits of Industrialization Outside the West 562
The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 470 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1750–1854 563
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Islamic Law and
Ottoman Rule 475
24
The Safavid Empire, 1502–1722 480
The Mughal Empire, 1526–1761 484 NATION BUILDING AND ECONOMIC
The Maritime Worlds of Islam, 1500–1750 486 TRANSFORMATION IN THE AMERICAS,
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1750 491 1800–1890 565
Independence in Latin America, 1800–1830 566
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890 571
21
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: The Afro-Brazilian
NORTHERN EURASIA, 1500–1800 493 Experience, 1828 573
Japanese Reunification 494 The Challenge of Social and Economic
Change 583
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: East Asian
Porcelain 496 IMPORTANT EVENTS 1800–1890 592
The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires 499
The Russian Empire 507 25
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1500–1800 512
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: The Little Ice Age 513 LAND EMPIRES IN THE AGE OF
IMPERIALISM, 1800–1870 594
The Ottoman Empire 595
Part Six
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: The Web of
REVOLUTIONS RESHAPE THE War 603
WORLD, 1750–1870 515 The Russian Empire 605
The Qing Empire 608
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1800–1908 616
22
26
REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE
ATLANTIC WORLD, 1750–1850 517 AFRICA, INDIA, AND THE NEW BRITISH
Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century EMPIRE, 1750–1870 617
Crisis 518
Changes and Exchanges in Africa 617
The American Revolution, 1775–1800 523
India Under British Rule 624
The French Revolution, 1789–1815 527
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Ceremonials of Imperial
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Robespierre and Domination 629
Wollstonecraft Defend and Explain the
Britain’s Eastern Empire 634
Terror 534
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1750–1889 639
Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond,
1789–1850 538 ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: State Power, the
Census, and the Question of Identity 641
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1750–1850 542
viii CONTENTS
Part Seven ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: The Birth of Civil
Aviation 718
GLOBAL DIVERSITY AND
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1900–1929 720
DOMINANCE, 1850–1945 644
30
27
THE COLLAPSE OF THE OLD ORDER,
THE NEW POWER BALANCE, 1929–1949 721
1850–1900 645
The Stalin Revolution 722
New Technologies and the World Economy 645
The Depression 724
Social Changes 650
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Women, Family Values,
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Railroads and and the Russian Revolution 726
Immigration 652
The Rise of Fascism 729
Socialism and Labor Movements 655
East Asia, 1931–1945 732
Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany,
The Second World War 735
and Japan 656
The Character of Warfare 741
The Great Powers of Europe, 1871–1900 664
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1920S TO 1949 745
China, Japan, and the Western Powers 666
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1850–1910 668
31
28 STRIVING FOR INDEPENDENCE: INDIA,
AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA,
THE NEW IMPERIALISM,
1900–1949 747
1869–1914 670
The Indian Independence Movement,
The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods 671
1905–1947 747
The Scramble for Africa 676
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: Gandhi and
DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Two Africans Recall the Technology 751
Arrival of the Europeans 682
Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900–1945 753
Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific 685
Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900–1949 756
Imperialism in Latin America 688
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1900–1949 764
The World Economy and the Global
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Famines and Politics 765
Environment 690
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1869–1914 693
Part Eight
29 PERILS AND PROMISES OF A
GLOBAL COMMUNITY, 1945 TO
THE CRISIS OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER,
THE PRESENT 768
1900–1929 695
Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle
East 695 32
The “Great War” and the Russian Revolutions,
1914–1918 697 THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION,
Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919–1929 703 1945–1975 769
China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies 708 The Cold War 770
The New Middle East 710 Decolonization and Nation Building 778
Society, Culture, and Technology in the DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Race and the Struggle
Industrialized World 714 for Justice in South Africa 784
CONTENTS ix
Beyond a Bipolar World 787 34
IMPORTANT EVENTS 1945–1979 794
NEW CHALLENGES IN A NEW
MILLENNIUM 820
33
Globalization and Economic Crisis 821
THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE The Question of Values 829
CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE: Conflict and
Civilization 832
AND IMMIGRATION, 1975–2000 795
Global Culture 837
Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic
Expansion 796 IMPORTANT EVENTS 2000–2006 843
The End of the Bipolar World 803
The Challenge of Population Growth 807 INDEX I-1
Unequal Development and the Movement of
Peoples 812
Technological and Environmental Change 814
ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY: The Computer
Gets Personal 815
IMPORTANT EVENTS TO 1970–2000 818