Table Of ContentCEMENT and CONCRETE
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
CEMENT & CONCRETE
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
MUSTAFA TOKYAY
Middle East Technical University,
Ankara, Turkey
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CEMENT and CONCRETE
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
CEMENT and CONCRETE
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
CEMENT & CONCRETE
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
MUSTAFA TOKYAY
Middle East Technical University,
Ankara, Turkey
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CEMENT and CONCRETE
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
CEMENT & CONCRETE
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
MUSTAFA TOKYAY
Middle East Technical University,
Ankara, Turkey
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20160322
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-1655-0 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
To Nuray, Ekin and Arya
Contents
Introductory remarks and acknowledgements xiii
Author xv
1 Admixtures and additions 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Mineral admixtures 1
2 Natural pozzolans 5
2.1 General 5
2.2 Chemical composition 6
2.3 Mineralogical composition 7
2.4 Fineness 10
3 Fly ashes 11
3.1 General 11
3.2 Mineralogical composition 12
3.3 Chemical composition and classification 13
3.3.1 Classifications according to SiO ,
2
Al O , CaO and SO contents 14
2 3 3
3.3.2 Classifications according to CaO content 16
3.4 Fineness, particle size distribution and particle morphology 17
3.5 Density 22
3.6 Radioactivity 22
4 Blast furnace slag 23
4.1 General 23
4.2 Mineralogical composition 26
4.3 Chemical composition 27
4.4 Fineness 28
vii
viii Contents
5 Silica fume 29
5.1 General 29
5.2 Chemical composition 31
5.3 Mineralogical composition 31
5.4 Fineness and particle morphology 33
6 Limestone powder 35
6.1 General 35
6.2 Chemical composition 35
6.3 Mineralogical composition 37
6.4 Fineness and particle size distribution 38
7 Other mineral admixtures 41
7.1 Calcined soils 41
7.1.1 Clays 42
7.1.2 Other soils 43
7.2 Rice husk ash 43
7.3 Other industrial and agricultural wastes
as possible mineral admixtures 44
7.3.1 Waste glass 45
7.3.2 Brick and tile rejects 45
7.3.3 Stone wastes 46
7.3.4 Municipal solid waste ash 46
7.3.5 Agricultural wastes 46
8 Effects of mineral admixtures on hydration of
portland cement 49
8.1 General about PCs 49
8.2 PC Hydration 52
8.2.1 Hydration of tricalcium silicate 52
8.2.2 Hydration of dicalcium silicate 55
8.2.3 Hydration of tricalcium aluminate 56
8.2.4 Hydration of ferrite phase 57
8.2.5 Hydration of PC 58
8.3 Influence of mineral admixtures on hydration 59
8.3.1 Physical influence 61
8.3.2 Chemical influence 65
8.3.2.1 Pozzolanic reactions 65
8.3.2.2 Latent hydraulic reactions 74
