Cellulose Based Composites: New Green Nanomaterials

323 Pages·2014·5.18 MB·English

by  Juan Hinestroza

Editedby
JuanP.HinestrozaandAnilN.Netravali
CelluloseBasedComposites
RelatedTitles
Imhof,P.,vanderWaal,J.C.(eds.) Lendlein,A.,Sisson,A.(eds.)
Catalytic ProcessDevelopment Handbook ofBiodegradable
forRenewableMaterials Polymers
2013 2011
ISBN978-3-527-33169-7,alsoavailablein ISBN978-3-527-32441-5
digitalformats
Mittal,V.(ed.)
Fricke,J.,Borst,W.L.
RenewablePolymers
EssentialsofEnergyTechnology
Synthesis,Processing,andTechnology
Sources,Transport,Storage,Conservation
2011
2013 ISBN978-0-470-93877-5,alsoavailablein
ISBN978-3-527-33416-2,alsoavailablein digitalformats
digitalformats
Ulber,R.,Sell,D.,Hirth,T.(eds.)
Hood,E.,Nelson,P.,Powell,R.
RenewableRawMaterials
PlantBiomassConversion
NewFeedstocksfortheChemicalIndustry
2011 2011
ISBN978-0-8138-1694-4,alsoavailablein ISBN978-3-527-32548-1,alsoavailablein
digitalformats digitalformats
Edited by Juan P. Hinestroza and Anil N. Netravali
Cellulose Based Composites
New Green Nanomaterials
Editors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare
carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors,
editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe
Prof.JuanP.Hinestroza
informationcontainedinthesebooks,
CornellUniversity
includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors.
DepartmentofFiberScience&
Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
ApparelDesign
statements,data,illustrations,procedural
242MVRHall
detailsorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybe
37ForestHomeDr.
inaccurate.
Ithaca
NY14853
USA LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor
Prof.AnilN.Netravali BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication
CornellUniversity Data
DepartmentofFiberScience& Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable
ApparelDesign fromtheBritishLibrary.
233HumanEcologyBuilding(HEB)
37ForestHomeDr.
Ithaca Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe
NY14853 DeutscheNationalbibliothek
USA TheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
liststhispublicationintheDeutsche
Nationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographic
dataareavailableontheInternetat
<http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
(cid:2)c 2014Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.
KGaA,Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim,
Germany
Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof
translationintootherlanguages).Nopart
ofthisbookmaybereproducedinany
form–byphotoprinting,microfilm,orany
othermeans–nortransmittedortranslated
intoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten
permissionfromthepublishers.Registered
names,trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,
evenwhennotspecificallymarkedassuch,
arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw.
PrintISBN:978-3-527-32719-5
ePDFISBN:978-3-527-64947-1
ePubISBN:978-3-527-64946-4
mobiISBN:978-3-527-64945-7
oBookISBN:978-3-527-64944-0
Cover-Design Formgeber,Mannheim,
Germany
Typesetting LaserwordsPrivateLimited,
Chennai,India
PrintingandBinding MarkonoPrintMedia
PteLtd,Singapore
Printedonacid-freepaper
V
Contents
ListofContributors XIII
Preface XIX
SectionI CelluloseNanofiber-andMicrofiberBasedComposites 1
1 Cellulose-Nanofiber-BasedMaterials 3
AntonioNorioNakagaitoandHiroyukiYano
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 ThePercolationandEntanglementPhenomenaofCellulose
Nanofibers 4
1.3 Cellulose-Nanofiber-BasedMaterials 7
1.4 ExtractionofCelluloseNanofibers 8
1.5 Cellulose-Nanofiber-BasedMaterialsforStructuralandSemistructural
Applications 11
1.6 OpticallyTransparentMaterialsReinforcedwithCellulose
Nanofibers 15
1.7 GreenCellulose-Nanofiber-BasedMaterials 18
1.8 FutureProspects 21
Abbreviations 22
References 23
2 FabricationandEvaluationofCellulose-Nanofiber-ReinforcedGreen
Composites 27
HitoshiTakagi
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 CelluloseNanofiber 27
2.3 PreparationofCelluloseNanofibers 28
2.3.1 ChemicalExtractionMethod 28
2.3.2 EnzymaticExtractionMethod 29
2.3.3 PhysicalExtractionMethod 29
2.4 FabricationofCellulose-Nanofiber-ReinforcedComposites 30
2.5 PropertiesofCellulose-Nanofiber-ReinforcedComposites 31
VI Contents
2.5.1 MechanicalProperties 31
2.5.2 ThermalProperties 34
2.5.3 OpticalProperties 38
2.6 Summary 39
Abbreviations 40
References 40
3 CelluloseMicrofibrilsIsolatedfromMusaceaeFibrousResidues 43
RobinZuluagaGallego,Jean-LucPutaux,CristinaCastroHerazo,Juan
ManuelVe´lez,In˜akiMondragon,Alon˜aRetegiMiner,and
PiedadGan˜a´nRojo
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 VascularBundles 44
3.3 IsolationandPurificationofCelluloseMicrofibrilsfromVascular
Bundles 46
3.4 ChemicalCharacterizationofCelluloseMicrofibrils 46
3.4.1 MonosaccharideComposition 46
3.4.2 InfraredSpectroscopyMeasurements 48
3.5 StructureandMorphologyofCelluloseMicrofibrils 50
3.5.1 X-RayDiffractionAnalysis 50
3.5.2 TransmissionElectronMicroscopy 51
3.5.3 Solid-StateNuclearMagneticResonanceStudies 52
3.6 ThermalBehaviorofCelluloseMicrofibrils 53
3.7 Conclusions 54
3.8 MaterialsandMethods 55
3.8.1 Materials 55
3.8.2 ScanningElectronMicroscopy 55
3.8.3 Anion-ExchangeChromatography 55
3.8.4 AttenuatedTotalReflectionFourierTransformInfrared
Spectroscopy 56
3.8.5 TransmissionElectronMicroscopy 56
3.8.6 X-RayDiffraction 56
3.8.7 CP/MAS13CNuclearMagneticResonance 56
3.8.8 ThermogravimetricAnalysis 57
Acknowledgments 57
Abbreviations 57
References 58
4 NanocompositesBasedonMatricesExtractedfromVegetableOilsand
BacterialCellulose 63
Alon˜aRetegiMiner,RobinZuluagaGallego,PiedadGan˜a´nRojo,and
In˜akiMondragon
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 VegetableOils 66
4.3 BacterialCellulose 69
Contents VII
4.4 BacterialandPlant-BasedCelluloseNanocompositeswithPolymer
Matrices 72
4.5 Applications 74
References 75
5 Nano-andMicrofiberCompositesReinforcedwithCellulose
Nanocrystals 79
MariaS.Peresin,JustinO.Zoppe,MariaE.Vallejos,YoussefHabibi,
MartinA.Hubbe,andOrlandoJ.Rojas
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 CelluloseNanocrystals 80
5.3 Electrospinning 81
5.4 CelluloseNanocrystals(CNs)fortheProductionofComposites 83
5.5 ElectrospunNanofibersReinforcedwithCNs 84
5.5.1 CNsinFibrousHydrophobicMatrices 84
5.5.1.1 ThermomechanicalPropertiesofElectrospunComposite
Microfibers 86
5.5.2 CNsinPoly(ε-Caprolactone)CompositeFibers 87
5.5.2.1 SurfaceGrafting 87
5.5.2.2 PreparationofDispersionsandElectrospinning 89
5.5.2.3 ProductionandCharacterizationofCompositeNanofibers 89
5.5.2.4 ThermomechanicalPropertiesofPCL-BasedFiber
Nanocomposites 91
5.5.3 CNsinCompositeCelluloseAcetateFibers 94
5.5.3.1 PreparationofCASolutionsandElectrospinning 95
5.5.3.2 MorphologicalandThermalCharacterization 95
5.5.4 CNsinPolyvinylAlcoholFibers 96
5.5.4.1 PreparationofPVA-CNSuspension 97
5.5.4.2 Electrospinning 97
5.5.4.3 MorphologicalandChemicalCharacterizationofCN-LoadedPVA
NanofiberMats 97
5.5.4.4 ThermalPropertiesofthePVA-CNNanofiberComposites 100
5.5.4.5 MechanicalPropertiesofPVA-CNNanofiberComposites 102
5.6 ApplicationsofCN-BasedComposites 103
5.7 Conclusions 105
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
6 HydrolyticDegradationofNanocompositeFibersElectrospunfrom
Poly(LacticAcid)/CelluloseNanocrystals 117
ChunhuiXiangandMargaretW.Frey
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Experiments 119
6.2.1 Materials 119
6.2.2 MethodsandTechniques 120
VIII Contents
6.2.2.1 ElevatedTemperatureElectrospinningProcessing 120
6.2.2.2 WaterContactAngleMeasurements 120
6.2.2.3 HydrolyticDegradationofElectrospunNanocompositeFibers 121
6.2.2.4 Microscopy 121
6.2.2.5 SizeExclusionChromatography(SEC) 121
6.2.2.6 ThermogravimetricAnalysis(TGA) 121
6.3 ResultsandDiscussion 122
6.3.1 DistributionofCelluloseNanocrystalsintheElectrospun
PLA/CelluloseNanocompositeFibers 122
6.3.2 ThermogravimetricAnalysisofElectrospunPLA/Cellulose
NanocompositeFibers 122
6.3.3 Hydrophobicity/HydrophilicityofElectrospunNon-woven
Fabrics 123
6.3.4 MorphologiesoftheElectrospunPLA/CelluloseNanocomposite
FibersduringHydrolyticDegradation 126
6.3.5 MolecularWeightChangeofPLAintheElectrospunNanocomposite
FibersduringHydrolyticDegradation 127
6.4 Conclusions 134
Acknowledgment 134
References 135
SectionII Cellulose-Fiber-BasedComposites 137
7 Environment-Friendly‘‘Green’’ResinsandAdvancedGreen
Composites 139
XiaosongHuangandAnilN.Netravali
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Experimental 142
7.2.1 Materials 142
7.2.2 PreparationoftheModifiedSPC 142
7.2.3 SpecimenCharacterization 143
7.3 ResultsandDiscussion 144
7.3.1 MechanicalPropertiesoftheModifiedResins 144
7.3.2 CharacterizationofLinenYarnsandLC-CelluloseFibers 146
7.3.3 CharacterizationofLinenYarnsandLC-Cellulose-Fiber-Reinforced
Composites 148
7.4 Conclusions 153
Acknowledgments 154
Abbreviations 154
References 154
8 TougheningandStrengtheningofNaturalFiberGreen
Composites 157
KoichiGodaandRieNakamura
8.1 Introduction 157