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Series H: Cell Biology, Vol. 104
Springer
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Cellular Integration
of Signalling Pathways
in Plant Development
Edited by
Fiorella Lo Schiavo
University of Padua, Department of Biology
Via Colombo 3
1-35121 Padua, Italy
Robert L. Last
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research
and Section of Genetics and Development
Cornell University, Tower Road
Ithaca, NY 14853 -1801 , USA
Giorgio Morelli
Unita di Nutrizione Sperimentale,
Istituto Nazionale della Nutrizione
Via Ardeatina 546
1-00178 Rome, Italy
Natasha V Raikhel
Michigan State University,
Department of Energy and Plant Research Laboratory
East Lansing, MI48824-1312, USA
With 68 Figures (1 Colour Plate)
Springer
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Cellular Integration of
Signalling Pathways in Plant Development", held at Acqua Fredda di Maratea,
Italy, May 20-30, 1997
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cellular integration of Signalling pathways in plant development / edited by Fiorella Lo Schiavo ...
let al,J.
p. cm. - (NATO ASI series. Series H, Cell biology; vol. 104)
"Vilith NATO Advanced Study Institute on Plant Cell and Molecular Biology was held in Acqua
Fredda di Maratea, Italy, from May 20-30, 1997."
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 3-540-64014-2 (hardcover)
1. Plant cellular signal transduction-Congresses. 2. Plants-Development-Congresses.
I. Lo Schiavo, Fiorella, 1950-. II. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Plant Cell and Molecular
Biology (8th: 1997 : Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy) III. Series.
QK725.C4 1998 571.8'2-dc21 97-51323 CIP
ISSN 1010-8793
ISBN-13:978-3-642-72119-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72117-5
DO I: 10.1007/978-3-642-72117-5
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcast
ing' reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this
publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of
September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edititon 1998
Typesetting: Camera ready by authors/editors
Printed on acid-free paper
SPIN 10571809 31/3137 -543210
PREFACE
The Vlllth NATO Advanced Study Institute on Plant Cell and
Molecular Biology was held in Acqua Fredda di Maratea, Italy
from May 20-30,1997.
The topic, "Cellular Integration of Signalling Pathways in Plant
Development" brought together scientists who investigate the
cellular and molecular basis of plant development. The aim of
this course was for a multidisciplinary group to confront with each
other diverse research approaches-genetic, biochemical, cellular
and molecular-pursued in various laboratories in order to
stimulate new perspectives in the plant biology field.
In the past few years there have been tremendous advances in
the understanding of signals and signalling pathways that
operate at the cellular level and lead to developmental
processes.
The course covered a broad area of Plant Biology. It was
designed to review, in a unified way, the field of basic plant
biology, biochemistry and genetics focusing on emerging topics
that are critical to our understanding of the unique properties of
plant cells.
The course highlighted the most recent progress on signals,
machinery and pathways in the plant cell. Emphasis was placed
on integrating these studies with those on cell division, cell plate
formation, and other aspects of plant development to elucidate
the intricate relationships among them. Several presentations
brought up to date our knowledge of the plant cell wall and cell
plate formation, an area unique to plant biology. In the protein
trafficking field, several components of the machinery that targets
proteins to specific organ~lIes have been identified and cloned.
An effort was made to introduce the field of electrophysiology, a
very powerful and rapidly developing field, to the plant molecular
scientists. The various chapters of this book summarize lectures
of invited speakers. They have not been subjected to any major
cutting or editing, in order to preserve the individual nature of
each contribution.
VI
We are pleased to acknowledge the financial support of the
following companies and organizations who recognize the
importance of the basic plant research for the development of
agricultural biotechnology. In particular we thank the NATO for
the generous contribution without whose support this meeting
could not possibly take place, and then the Companies
Monsanto, Pioneer Hi-bred, Beckman Analytical-Italia, Du Pont
and Perkin Elmer-Italia for their help.
We thank the many people who helped us to organize of the
course. And finally, we thank all the participants in this meeting
for their valuable contributions and for the stimulating
discussions that characterized the course.
Fiorella Lo Schiavo
Padua, Italy
Natasha Raikhel
East Lansing, MI, USA
Robert Last
Ithaca, NY, USA
Giorgio Morelli
Rome, Italy
CONTENTS
Part 1 Protein Sorting and Post-translation Modification
Mechanisms for the Transport of Soluble Proteins
to the Vacuole in Plants ................................................................................... 1
S. Venkataraman and N. V. Raikhel
Aquaporins: Their Role and Regulation in Cellular Water Movement... ........ 11
V.K. Shukla and M.J Chrispeels
Transport of Cytoplasmically Synthesized Proteins into Chloroplasts ........... 23
K. Keegstra, M. Akita, J Davila-Aponte, J. Froehlich, E. Nielsen
and S. Reumann
Part 2 Membrane Channels and Pumps
On the Structure and Function of Plant K+ Channels ..................................... 35
R. Hedrich, S. Hoth, D. Becker, I. Dreyer and P. Dietrich
Integration of Ion Channel Activity in Calcium Signalling Pathways ............ ..47
D. Sanders, G.J Allen, SR. Muir and S.K. Roberts
Protein Kinase and Phosphatase Regulation During Abscisic Acid
Signaling and Ion Channel Regulation in Guard Cells .................................. 59
JI. Schroeder, M. Schwarz and z.-M. Pei
Part 3 Signal Transduction
UV and Blue Light Signal Transduction in the Regulation
of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Gene Expression in Arabidopsis .......................... 71
G.I. Jenkins
Molecular Approaches to Biochemical Purification:
the COP9 Complex Paradigm ........................................................................ 83
D.A. Chamovitz and X-W Dang
Part 4 Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Pathways
Silencing of Gene Expression in the Anthocyanin
Regulatory Gene Families ............................................................................. 93
A. Ronchi, R. Pilu and C. Tonelli
VIII
Quelling: Transgene-Induced Gene Silencing in Neurospora crassa .......... 103
C. Cogoni and G. Macino
Import and Editing of Plant Mitochondrial Transfer RNAs ........................... 113
L. Marechal-Drouard, I. Small, A. Cosset, A.-M. DucMne, R. Kumar,
H. Mireau, N. Peeters, V. Carneiro, D. Ramamonjisoa, C. Remacle,
G. Souciet, H. Wintz, J. -H. Weil and A. Dietrich
mRNA Decay Machinery in Plants:
Approaches and Potential Components ....................................................... 125
J.P. Kastenmayer, A. van Hoof, M. A. Johnson and P.J. Green
Part 5 The Regulation and Manipulation of the Biosynthetic Pathways
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of two cDNAs
Encoding Enzymes Required for Secondary Cell Wall
Biosynthesis in Maize ................................................................................... 135
L. Civardi, A. Murigneux, P. Tatout, P. Puigdomenech and J. Rigau
Dissecting Light Repression of the Asparagine Synthetase Gene (AS1)
in Arabidopsis .............................................................................................. 147
N. Ngai and G. Coruzzi
Genetic Approaches to Understanding
the Regulation of Tryptophan Biosynthesis ................................................. 159
K.J. Denby and R. L. Last
Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus:
the Establishment of a Model System .......................................................... 171
V. De Luca, B. St-Pierre, F. Vazquez Flota and P. Laflamme
Part 6 Embryogenesis
Surface Control of Cell Polarity, the Plane of Cell Division,
and Cell Fate in Fucus Embryos .................................................................. 189
R. S. Quatrano
Induction and Progression of Somatic Embryogenesis ................................ 195
F. Lo Schiavo
Identification of Genes Expressed During
Arabidopsis thaliana Embryogenesis Using Enhancer Trap
and Gene Trap Ds-Transposons ................................................................. 207
C. W. Vroemen, N. Aarts, P.M.J. In der Rieden, A. van Kammen and
S. C. de Vries
IX
Part 7 Post-embryonic Development
Clonal Analysis in Plant Development ......................................................... 233
F. Sa/amini
Laser Ablation in Arabidopsis Roots:
a Tool to Study Cell-to-Cell Communication ................................................ 237
C. van den Berg, W Hage, P. Weisbeek and B. Scheres
Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper Proteins in the Control
of Plant Growth and Development... ............................................................ 251
G. Morelli, S. Baima, M. Carabelli, M. Oi Cristina, S. Lucchetti,
G. Sessa, C. Steindler and I. Ruberti
Part 8 Cell-Cell Communication
Self-Incompatibility: SelflNonself Discrimination
Between Pollen and Pistil. ........................................................................... 263
J.A. Verica and T.-h. Kao
Intercellular and Intracellular Trafficking:
What We Can Learn from Geminivirus Movement... ................................... 275
S. G. Lazarowitz, B. M. Ward, A.A. Sanderfoot and C. M. Laukaitis
Signaling During Legume Root Symbiosis ................................................... 289
C. Albrecht and T. Bisseling
Alternate Methods of Gene Discovery--the Candidate EST Approach
and DNA Microarrays ...................................................................................2 97
S. C. Somerville, M. Nishimura, D. Hughes, I. Wilson and J. Vogel
Use of Transient Expression in Plants for the Study
of the "Gene-for-Gene" Interaction ............................................................... 311
F. Katagiri and R. T. Leister
Mechanisms for the Transport
of Soluble Proteins to the Vacuole in Plants
Sridhar Venkataraman and Natasha V. Raikhel
Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Michigan 48824-1312
Abstract. In eukaryotic cells, most proteins destined for the cell surface or for organelles
of the secretory pathway are synthesized by endoplasmic-reticulum-bound ribosomes and
co-translationally transported into the ER lumen. This translocation process is dependent on
the presence of a signal sequence found at the N-terminus of most soluble secretory proteins.
If no other signal is present, soluble proteins are transported to the cell surface by a default
mechanism, with a positive sorting signal being required for retention within the
endomembrane system (reviewed in Bednarek and Raikhel, 1992) [Fig. 1]. Soluble vacuolar
proteins (in plant and yeast cells) or lysosomal proteins (in mammalian cells) are transported
through the secretory pathway to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where they are segregated
from secreted proteins and carried to the vacuole or lysosome in clathrin-coated vesicles.
The mechanisms for sorting proteins to these organelles differ between organisms. Sorting
to mammalian lysosomes is usually mediated by oligosaccharide modifications, whereas
sorting to yeast and plant vacuoles is mediated by short peptide domains that may be
removed before or upon deposition in the organelle, or it may form a part of the mature
protein (for review see, Bar-Peled et aI., 1996). Soluble proteins are transported through the
secretory system via transport vesicles that bud from one compartment and fuse specifically
with the next. The specificity of these fusion events is thought to be determined by integral
membrane proteins on the vesicles and the acceptor membrane and several candidates for
these targeting molecules have recently been identified (Rothman, 1994).
Keywords: secretory pathway, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, protein trafficking
1 Plant Vacuolar Targeting Signals
The targeting signals found on proteins take many forms, and often a single organelle will
have several distinct signals corresponding to non-redundant pathways for targeting. For
example, vacuolar targeting signals are found to vary considerably in sequence and location.
In mammalian cells, a post-translational addition ofmannose-6-phosphate is sufficient for
NATO ASI Series, Vol. H 104
Cellular Integration of Signalling Pathways in Plant Development
Edited by F. Lo Schiavo, R. L. Last, G. Morelli, and N. V. Raikhel
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998
