Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Pathogens

442 Pages·2000·61.247 MB·English

by  Lida H. Mattman

E DITIO N
CELL WALL
DEFICIENT
FORMS
Stealth Pathogens
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3rd
E DITIO N
CELL WALL
DEFICIENT
FORMS
Stealth Pathogens
Lida H. Mattman
CRC Press
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
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Version Date: 20140501
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Preface
Pleomorphic forms are the first growth in culture, and usually predominate as the pathogen
flourishes in vivo. They were observed in clinical specimens in the laboratories of Louis Pasteur
and Robert Koch and recognized as pathogenic. So why have they been ignored for many decades?
In classrooms, two errors have been perpetuated: (1) students are taught to fix smears with heat
[due to their high lipid content, cell wall deficient (CWD) forms melt into globs when heated], and
(2) only the Gram stain is on the desks of microbiology students. The Gram stain should always
be accompanied by Acridine Orange, which shows that otherwise unidentified material contains
nucleic acids and, therefore, is cellular. Pleomorphism is an unfortunate phenomenon from the
diagnostic point of view. Bacteria and fungi have lost their name tags. However, the greater
efficiency in solving diagnostic mysteries compensates for the great inconvenience in identification.
After you peruse this volume, you should know the answers to the following:
1. What organism should be added to the childhood vaccine, especially for boys? (Chapter
13.)
2. What bacterium in its pleomorphic state is found in direct smears of synovial fluid of
rheumatoid arthritis cases? (Chapter 19.)
3. In what chronic disease (currently listed as of unknown origin) is an acid-fast organism
routinely found in smears of 72-h blood cultures in any routine medium? (Chapter 21.)
4. Which "bacterium" has a life cycle in the human erythrocyte as complex as that of
Plasmodium malaria? (Chapter 25.)
5. The L form, of which common pathogen can permanently damage mammaliam myo­
cardium. (Chapter 11.)
Those who made significant contributions to the 2nd edition are not forgotten. The major
financial contributors to the 2nd edition have given significant support to this third volume. Alva
Johnson has been a font of information; Phillip Hoekstra, Steven Phillips, and JoAnne Whitaker
were valued collaborators in research; editing was accomplished by Michael P. Looney, Charlotte
Olds, Charmaine Ramstead, Sandra Augustine, Richard Berri, and Mary L. Aselstein; and Ernest
Hayes offered untiring technical assistance.
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Author
Lida H. Mattman, Ph.D. is currently engaged in research at the Nelson Medical Research Institute
in Warren, MI. The research specifically involves study of the spirochetes involved with Lyme,
Multiple Sclerosis, and Lou Gehrig's Disease (ALS).
Ever since she carried a microscope up and down Mount Oread at the University of Kansas,
Dr. Mattman has been addicted to microscopy. She has worked in clinical laboratories in 10 U.S.
states, often finding interesting correlations between microbial species and locale. Her academic
degrees include a Bachelor of Arts in Bacteriology, from the University of Kansas, a Master's of
Science with emphasis in VIrology from the University of Kansas, and a Doctorate in Immunology
from Yale University. She has taught Pathogenic Bacteriology and/or Immunology at Harvard
University, Howard Hughes Institute, Oakland University, and Wayne State University, where she
is Professor Emerita.
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Contents
Chapter 1 History
Introduction 1
...............................................................................................................................
References 7
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Chapter 2 Definitions
Introduction 9
...............................................................................................................................
L-Phase Variant 10
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Protoplasts 10
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Spheroplasts 10
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Transitionals 10
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L-Bodies 11
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Filtrable Fonns 11
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Pleomorphs 11
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Induction 11
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Reversion 11
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Gymnoplasts 11
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L-Dependents 11
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References 12
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Chapter 3 Comparing Mycoplasma, CWD Forms, and Rickettsia
Introduction 13
.............................................................................................................................
Similarities Relating Mycoplasma and CWD Fonns 13
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Fine Structure 13
..............................................................................................................
Atmosphere Optimum for Growth 14
.............................................................................
Serum Requirements 14
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Ribosomes 14
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Hemadsorption 15
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Sugar Phosphotransferase 15
...........................................................................................
pH Requirements 15
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Biochemical Properties Shared 15
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Factors Distinguishing Mycoplasma from CWD Fonns 15
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Growth in Liquid Culture 15
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Colonial Appearance 15
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Sensitivity to Penicillin 15
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Nucleic Acid Homology 16
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Biochemical Activities 17
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Bacteriocin Susceptibility 17
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Wall-Associated Structures 18
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Pathogenicity 18
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Summary 18
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References 19
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