Cell Neurobiology Techniques

398 Pages·1999·14.201 MB·English

by  Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, Alan N. Bateson (auth.)

NEUROMETHODS n 33
Cell Neurobiology Techniques
NEUROMETHODS
Series Editors: A/an A. Boulton and Glen B. Baker
34 In Vitro Neurochemical Techniques, edlted 19 Animal Models in Psychiatry, II,edlted by A/an
by Alan A. Boulton, Glen 6. Baker, and Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Mathew T
N. Bateson, 1999 Martin-lverson, 1991
33 Cell Neurobiology Techni ues, edlted by 18 Animal Models in Psychiatry, I, edrted by
Alan A. Bodton, Glen B. Bas er, and Alan N. A/an A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, andMathew
Bateson, 1999 T. Martin-lverson, 199 1
32 In Vivo Neuromethods, edlted by A/an A. 17 Neuropsychology, edited by Alan A. Boulton,
Boufton, Glen B. Baker, and Alan N. Bateson, Glen B. Baker, and Merrill Hiscock, 1990
1998 16 Molecular Neurobiologlcal Techmques, edrted
31 C Protein Methods and Protocols: Role of G by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Anthony
Protefns m Psychlatfrc and Neufologlcal Dfs- T. Campagnoru, 1990
orders, edlted by Ram K. Mishra, Glen B. 15 Neurophyslological Technlques:App/xarrons to
Baker, and Alan A. Boulton, 1997. Neural Systems, edited by Alan A Boulton,
30 Regulatory Protein Modification: Technques Glen B. Baker, and Case H. Vanderwolf, 1990
and Protocols, edlted by Hugh C. Hemmings,
14 Neurophysiological Techniques: Basic Meth-
jr., 1997
ods and Concepts, edited by A/an A. Boulton,
29 Apoptosis Techniques and Protocols, edlted Glen B. Baker, and Case H. Vanderwolf, 1990
by /udes Poirier, 1997
13 Psychopharmacology, edtted by Alan A.
28 Transgenic Xenopus: Mlcroqectron Methods
and Developmental Neurob,ology, by Shlomo Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Andrew 1.
Greenshaw, 1989
Seidman arid Hermona Soreq, 7997
27 Voltammetric Methods in Brain Systems, ed- 12 Drugs as Tools in Neurotransmitter Research,
lted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and
Ralph N. Adams, 1995 August0 V. luorio, 1989
26 Pa&h-Clamp Applications and Protocols, ed- 11 Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism, ed-
lted by Alan A. Boulton, G/en B. Baker, and ited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and
Wo/(&ng Walz, 1995 Roger F. Butterworth, 1989
25 Neurotrophic Factors, edlted by A/an A. 10 Analysis of Psychiatric Drugs, edited by Alan
Boulton, G/en B. Baker, and Franz Hefti, 1993 A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Ronald T
24 Animal Models of Drug Addiction, edlted by Coutts, 1988
A/an A. Boulton, Glen 6. Baker, and Peter
wu, 1992 9 The Neuronal Microenvironment, edited by
Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and
23 Practical Cell Culture Techniques, edited by Wolfgang Wa/z, 1988
Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and
WolfRanR Walz, 1992 a Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical
22 Animil Models of Neurological Disease, IkMeta- Techniques, edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen
B. Baker, and Donald P. Boisvert, 1988
bolrc Encephlopathres and the Eprlepsres, edtted
by Alan A. Boulton, Glen 8. Baker, and Roger F. 7 lipids and Related Compounds, edited by A/an
Buttenvorfh, 1992 A. Boulton, Glen 6. Baker, and Lloyd A.
21 Animal Models of Neurological Disease, I: Horrocks, 1988
Neurodegenerahve Daease, edlted by Alan
6 Peptides, edited by A/an A. Boulton, G/en B.
A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Roger F. Baker, and Quentin Pittman, 1987
Butterworth, 1992
20 Intracellular Messen ers, edited by A/an A. 5 Neurotransmitter Enzymes, edited by A/an A.
B$too2 Glen B. Ba a er, and Cohn W. Jay- Boulton, Glen 6. Baker, and Peter H. Vu,
1986
I
NEUROMETHODS 33
n
Cell Neurobiology
Techniques
Edited by
Alan A. Boulton
Unlverslty of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Glen B. Baker
Un/vers/ty of AIberta, Edmonton, Canada
Alan N. Bateson
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
H UMANA PRESS TOTOWA, NEW JERSEY
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Preface to the Series
When the President of Humana Press first suggested that a series
on methods in the neurosciences might be useful, one of us (AAB)
was quite skeptical; only after discussions with GBB and some search-
ing both of memory and library shelves did it seem that perhaps the
publisher was right. Although some excellent methods books had re-
cently appeared, notably in neuroanatomy, it was a fact that there
was a dearth in this particular field, a fact attested to by the alacrity
and enthusiasm with which most of the contributors to this series ac-
cepted our invitations and suggested additional topics and areas. After
a somewhat hesrtant start, essentially in the neurochemistry section,
the series has grown and will encompass neurochemistry, neuropsy-
chiatry, neurology, neuropathology, neurogenetics, neuroethology,
molecular neurobiology, animal models of nervous disease, and no
doubt many more “neuros.” Although we have tried to include adequate
methodologrcal detail and in many cases detailed protocols, we have
also tried to include wherever possible a short introductory review
of the methods and/or related substances, comparisons with other
methods, and the relationship of the substances being analyzed to
neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recognizing our own limita-
tions, we have invited a guest editor to join with us on most volumes
in order to ensure complete coverage of the field. These editors will
add their specialized knowledge and competencies. We anticipate that
this series will fill a gap; we can only hope that it will be filled appro-
priately and with the right amount of expertise with respect to each
method, substance or group of substances, and area treated.
Alan A. Boulton
Glen B. Baker
V
Preface
Cell Neurobiology Techmques is one of three volumes that represent an
update of the original Volume 1 of Neuvomethods, General Neurochemical
Techniques. The expansion to three volumes was necessitated by the rap-
idly increasing number of techniques being used by neuroscientists and the
general tendency of neuroscience research to become more multidisciplinary
and collaborative in recent years. The two companion volumes are con-
cerned with molecular and with whole animal approaches to neurobio-
logical research.
Even with three volumes, the coverage of General Neuromethods
is obviously not exhaustive. We have attempted to cover those techniques
that seem particularly popular in multidisciplinary neuroscience research
Though some important techniques may have been omitted, we believe
that most of these have been covered in detail in other recent volumes of
Neuromethods or will be the subjects of upcoming volumes.
The editors anticipate that this volume devoted to cell neurobiology
techniques will be unusally useful to neuroscientists across a wide range
of fields-e.g., neurochemistry, neuropsychopharmacology, neurology,
psychiatry, and neuroanatomy. Each chapter has been written by well-
known neuroscientists with active research programs. Experienced re-
searchers in the specific areas treated will appreciate the present updates
on those topics, and neuroscientists expecting their research programs to
become more multidisciplinary or to expand into new areas of research
should find these volumes of enormous value, particularly those sec-
tions offering protocols with useful hints about the advantages and po-
tential pitfalls of particular techniques.
In the first chapter of Cell Neurobiology Technzques, T. A. Reader and C.
Strazielle discuss the use of quantitative autoradiography to study
monoamine uptake sites and receptors in brain. Cell cultures have been
used widely in neuroscience research, and, B. H. J. Juurlink and W. Walz
describe detailed protocols for establishment of neural cell cultures. Cell
adhesion molecules have also been of great interest to neuroscientists
for many years and recently there has been increased interest in their
possible involvement in various cancers and psychiatric disorders;
K. Tieu and I’. Yu have written a comprehensive chapter on the study
of such molecules. The chapter on the measurement of enzymes and
their inhibitors by A. Holt is designed to provide neuroscientists who
VII
. . .
V//l Preface
are occasional users of enzymes with a basic understanding of how
enzymes function as well as guidance in assay design, data analysis,
and avoidance of problems. Drug metabolism techniques are fre-
quently employed in studies on mechanisms of drug action and on
pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions, and two chapters related
to drug metabolism are included m this volume, in one R. T Coutts,
J Fang, M. Bourin, and G. 8. Baker discuss prmcrples of drug me-
tabolism, with an emphasis on psychiatric drugs, and in the other
chapter P. Glue and R. P. Clement provide a comprehensive chapter
on cytochrome P-450 enzymes, which are involved m the metabolism
of many drugs. In recent years, there has been a flurry of Interest m
the role of immediate early genes (IEGs) in neuronal activity and in
the actions of various drugs on the expression of these IEGs T. L.
Krukoff has provided an immunohistochemistry chapter on the use
of c-j& expression as a marker of functional activity in the brain, and
G S. Robertson has written an overview on the use of several IEGs as
activity markers in the central nervous system. Over the past 25 years,
flow cytometry has been utilized widely in the fields of hematology,
rmmunology, oncology, and microbiology, recent evidence suggests
that it may also be a useful technique for studying developmental
neurobiology, and m their chapter, D. Marie, I. Marie, and J L Barker
demonstrate several possible applications of flow cytometry in stud-
ies of central nervous system development. The study of human post-
mortem brain tissue has done much to advance our knowledge of the
etiology of neurologic and psychiatric disorders, and G. I’. Reynolds
and C. L. Beasley have written a chapter that provides an overview
of the use, value, and potential of studies utilizing human brain tis-
sue taken at autopsy. In recent years, great strides have been made m
applications of magnetic resonance sprectroscopy (MRS) to human
brain metabolism, and C. C. Hanstock and P S Allen have provided
a chapter on this exciting area of research
Alan A. Boulton
Glen B. Baker
Alan IV. Bateson
Contents
Preface to the Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZI
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vzi
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Quantitative Autoradiography of Monoamine Uptake Sites and
Receptors m Rat and Mouse Brain
Tomas A Reader and Catherine Strazielle . .* 1
Neural Cell Culture Techniques
Bernhard H J Juurlznk and Wolfgang Walz. 53
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules
Kim Tteu and Peter H Yu 203
On the Measurement of Enzymes and their Inhibitors
Andrew Holt 132
Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes: In Vztro Assessment and Clinzcal
lmpltcattons
Paul Glue and Robert P Clement 195
c-fos Expression as a Marker of Functional Activity in the Brain.
Immunohtstochemtstry
Teresa L Krukof . . . . . . 213
Immediate-Early Genes as Activity Markers in the CNS
George S Robertson . . . . . . . * * . ..* 231
Principles of Drug Metabolism, with an Emphasis on
Psychiatric Drugs
Ronald T Courts, Jtan Fang, Mtchel Bourin, and Glen B Baker >2 55
Flow Cytometric Strategies to Study CNS Development
Dragan Marie, lrina Martc, and Jejj?ery L. Barker , 287
Neurochemistry of Human Postmortem Brain
Gavm P Reynolds and Clare L. Beasley . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Applications of Proton MRS to Study Human Brain Metabolism
Chrrstopher C Hanstock and Peter S Allen , *. *.. . . . . 347
Index .,.,...,.,......,., ,,.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.....,.,.,.,...,.... .,..,. 382
IX
Contributors
PETER S. ALLEN l Department ofBiomedical Engineering, University
@Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
GLEN B. BAKER l Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of
Psychiatry, Walker Mackenzie Centre, University ofAlberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
JEFFERY L. BARKER l Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NZNDS, NIH,
Bethesda, MD
CLARE L. BEASLEY . Department of Biomedical Sciences,T he University
of Shefield, Sheffield, UK
MICHEL BOIJRIN l Laboratozre de Pharmcologie, Fact&& de Medecine,
Universite’ de Nantes, Nantes, France, and Neurochemical
Research Unit, Department oj=Psychiatry, Walker Mackenzze
Centre, University ofAlberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
ROBERT I?. CLEMENT l Department of Drug Metabolism, Schering
Plough Research Instttute, Kenilworth, NJ
RONALD T. COUTTS l Neurochemzcal Research Unit, Department 4
Psychiatry, Walker Mackenzie Centre, University @Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
JIAN FANG l College @Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universtty qf
Saskatchewan, Saskat oon, Saskatchewan, Canada
PAUL GLUE l Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Schering Plough
Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ
CHRISTOPHER C. HANSTOCK l Department sf Biomedical Engmeering,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
ANDREW HOLT l CV Technologzes, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
BERNHARD H. J. JUURLINK l Department ofAnatomy and Cell Biology and
The CamecoM ultiple Sclerosisa nd Neuroscience Research Centre,
College @Medicine, University of Saskatchewan,S askatoon,
Saskatchewan,C anada
TERESA L. KRUKOFF l Department @Anatomy and Cell Biology,
Faculty ofMedicine, Untversity ofAlberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
DRAGAN MARIC l Laboratory qf Neurophysiology, NINDS, NZH,
Bethesda, MD
IRINA MARIC l Laboratory ofNeurophysiology, NINDS, NH,
Bethesda, MD
XI
Contrrbutors
Xii
TOMAS A. READER l De’partement de Physiologic, Facul td de Me’decine,
Universite’ de Mont&al, Montrkal, Que’bec, Canada
GAVIN I?. REYNOLDS l Department qfBiomedica1 Sciences,T he University
ofShqj?eld, Shefield, UK
GEORGE S. ROBERTSON l Department oj=Pharmacology, Faculty of
Mediczne, University @Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontarzo, Canada
CATHERINE STRAZIELLE l Laboratozre de Neuroanatomie Fonctionelle,
Facultt de Chirurgie Detaire, Universzte’d e Henri-Pozncar&Nancy
1, Nancy, France
KIM TIEU l Neuropsychiatrtc Research Unit, Unzverszty of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
WOLFGANG WALZ l Department of Physiology, College @Medicine,
University $Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
PETER H. Yu l Neuropsychiatric Research Unit, University 4
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada