Cell Fusions: Regulation and Control

438 Pages·2011·13.391 MB·English

by  Lars-Inge Larsson (auth.), Lars-Inge Larsson (eds.)

Cell Fusions
Lars-Inge Larsson
Editor
Cell Fusions
Regulation and Control
123
Editor
Lars-IngeLarsson
FacultyofLifeSciences
DivisionofCellBiology
UniversityofCopenhagen
Gronnegaardsvej7
1870FrederiksbergC
Denmark
[email protected]
ISBN978-90-481-9771-2 e-ISBN978-90-481-9772-9
DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9772-9
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
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Preface
Thefusionbetweenthespermandtheeggmarksthebeginningoflifeandanumber
ofsubsequentcellfusionsareneededtoformtheplacenta,theskeleton,theskeletal
musclesandpartofourimmunedefencesystem.Cellfusionsarealsoneededduring
adulthood,e.g.toregulateourcalciumhomeostasis.Apartfromthefusionbetween
the sperm and the egg, all of these fusions occur between cells of the same type.
Such homotypic fusions generate multinucleated cells that have lost the ability to
propagatebutwhich,throughtheirlargesizes,aremorepowerfulthansinglecells.
Thisiswellillustratedbyskeletalmusclefibers,whicharederivedfromfusionsof
multiplestemcellsandcanreach1/ minlength.Similarly,giantcellsoftheimmune
2
system and osteoclasts, degrading bone tissue, reach their powerful abilities of
phagocytosisfromthefusionofsmallerprogenitorcells(macrophages/monocytes).
Heterotypicfusionsoccurbetweencellsofdifferentlineagesandmayresultincells
withproliferativeability.Ifsuchfusionsoccurbetweenhaploidgametes,anembryo
results. However, if heterotypic fusions occur between diploid or aneuploid cells,
themitoticspindleapparatusmayencounterproblemsofsortingthesupernumerary
chromosomes. This may result in genomic instability and in cell death or cancer.
Accordingly, cell fusion is a process that should be entered with even more care
than marriage since a divorce (defuse?) is impossible. Nevertheless, as we shall
learn from this volume, heterotypic cell fusions may play roles in repair of dam-
agedtissuesandmaybeputtouseforproductionofmonoclonalantibodiesandfor
boostingtheimmunesystemagainstcancercells.
In this book, we learn of mechanisms regulating and controlling cell fusions.
An important aspect in normal physiology is the matter of self recognition
mechanisms, which ensure that, in the healthy individual, homotypic fusions pre-
dominate. As we shall see from the contributions on fertilization, placentation,
macrophages/osteoclasts and skeletal muscle development, multiple mechanisms
areinvolved.Attheturnofthemillennium,anewplayerenteredthefusiongame.
Itemergedthatwehaveadoptedcertainfusiongenesfromancientviralinfections
andhaveusedtheminthecellfusionmachinery.Theinitialchaptersinthisbookare
thereforedevoted toanin-depthdiscussionoftheviralfusionmachinery andhow
cellsmayutilizetheseproteinsfortheirownuse.Thisisintellectuallyandconcep-
tuallyachallengingareainmodernbiologysinceitshortcutstraditionalDarwinian
v
vi Preface
evolution with infections. Astonishingly, similar but distinct retroviral genes have
been adopted by primates, rabbits, mice and, possibly, sheep, for cell fusions.
Mouseknock-downexperimentsindicatethatamouseendogenousretroviralgeneis
neededforplacentation,probablybecauseitmadepre-existingfusiongenesredun-
dant. In addition to the new “viral” players, model organisms like Drosophila and
Caenorhabditis have made considerable impact on our understanding of the cell
fusionmachinery.Thesemechanismsaswellasmethodologicalaspectshavebeen
dealtwithinanexcellentrecentvolumeeditedbyChenandarereferredtoherein
thecontextofhomotypiccellfusionsandintheFuRMASstructureinChapter6.In
thefinalchapters,weaddressthequestionofheterotypiccellfusions.Suchfusions
seem to gain momentum as main players in tissue repair and stem cell therapy as
wellasinimmunetherapyoftumors.Inbothofthesesettingsheterotypicfusions
appeartodogoodwhereasthebacksideofthecoin,cancer,isaddressedinthelast
twochapters.
As captain on this voyage I have had the pleasure to be able to recruit a crew
consisting of the most eminent specialists in this evolving field. They have helped
setsailsandcharteredourpathfromvirusesovernormaldevelopmenttocancerand
treatment. My sincerest thanks go to them, to the representatives of the shipping
company, Meran Owen and Tanja van Gaans, who patiently awaited the sight of
sailsagainstthehorizon,andtomyfamily;Benedikte,NinaandBlackie,whohave
servedas“stowaways”onboardthevesselwhilstthelog-bookwasedited.
Lars-IngeLarsson
Contents
1 RegulationandControlofCell–CellFusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lars-IngeLarsson
2 RetrovirusesandCellFusions:Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
AndersL.Kjeldbjerg,ShervinBahrami,
andFinnSkouPedersen
3 RetroviralMembraneFusions:RegulationbyProteolytic
ProcessingandCellularFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
YoshinaoKubo
4 A Comparative Portrait of Retroviral Fusogens
andSyncytins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
PhilippePérot,CécileMontgiraud,DimitriLavillette,
andFrançoisMallet
5 Syncytins:MolecularAspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
HungwenChenandMei-LengCheong
6 RoleoftheActinCytoskeletonWithinFuRMASDuring
Drosophila Myoblast Fusion and First Functionally
ConservedFactorsinVertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Susanne-FilizÖnel,ChristineDottermusch,AngelaSickmann,
DetlevButtgereit,andRenateRenkawitz-Pohl
7 RoleofCD9inSperm-EggFusionandItsGeneralRole
inFusionPhenomena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
NatsukoKawano,YuichiroHarada,KeiichiYoshida,
MamiMiyado,andKenjiMiyado
8 GameteBindingandFusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Young-JooYi,ShawnW.Zimmerman,andPeterSutovsky
9 MechanismsRegulatingHumanTrophoblastFusion . . . . . . . . 203
BertholdHuppertzandMartinGauster
vii
viii Contents
10 MacrophageFusion:TheMakingofaNewCell . . . . . . . . . . . 219
AgnèsVignery
11 MoleculesRegulatingMacrophageFusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
TakeshiMiyamotoandToshioSuda
12 CurrentProgressTowardsUnderstandingMechanisms
ofMyoblastFusioninMammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
GraceK.Pavlath
13 TheEndogenousEnvelopeProteinSyncytin
IsInvolvedinMyoblastFusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
BoletteBjerregaard,JanFredrikTalts,andLars-IngeLarsson
14 CellFusionandStemCells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
AlainSilk,AnneE.Powell,PaigeS.Davies,
andMelissaH.Wong
15 CellFusionandDendriticCell-BasedVaccines . . . . . . . . . . . 315
JianlinGongandShigeoKoido
16 Cancer Cell Fusion with Myeloid Cells: Implications
forEnergyMetabolisminMalignantHybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
RossitzaLazova,AshokK.Chakraborty,andJohnM.Pawelek
17 Cell–CellFusionsandHumanEndogenousRetroviruses
inCancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
ReinerStrick,MatthiasW.Beckmann,andPamelaL.Strissel
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Contributors
ShervinBahramiDepartmentofMolecularBiology,AarhusUniversity,DK-8000
AarhusC,Denmark,[email protected]
MatthiasW.BeckmannDepartmentofGynaecologyandObstetrics,Laboratory
forMolecularMedicine,University-ClinicErlangen,D-91054 Erlangen,
Germany,[email protected]
BoletteBjerregaardDivisionofCellBiology,FacultyofLifeSciences,
UniversityofCopenhagen,DK-1870 FrederiksbergC,Denmark,[email protected]
DetlevButtgereitFachbereichBiologie,Entwicklungsbiologie,
Philipps-UniversitätMarburg,35043 Marburg,Germany,
[email protected]
AshokK.ChakrabortyDepartmentofDermatology,YaleCancerCenter,Yale
UniversitySchoolofMedicine,NewHaven,CT06520-8059,USA,
[email protected]
HungwenChenInstituteofBiologicalChemistry,AcademiaSinica,Taipei,
Taiwan,[email protected]
Mei-LengCheongInstituteofBiologicalChemistry,AcademiaSinica,Taipei,
Taiwan,[email protected]
PaigeS.DaviesDepartmentofDermatology,KnightCancerInstitute,Oregon
StemCellCenter,OregonHealthandScienceUniversity,Portland,OR97239,
USA,[email protected]
ChristineDottermuschFachbereichBiologie,Entwicklungsbiologie,
Philipps-UniversitätMarburg,35043 Marburg,Germany,
[email protected]
MartinGausterInstituteofCellBiology,HistologyandEmbryology,Medical
UniversityGraz,Austria,[email protected]
JianlinGongDepartmentofMedicine,BostonUniversityMedicalSchool,
Boston,MA02118,USA,[email protected]
ix
x Contributors
YuichiroHaradaDepartmentofReproductiveBiology,NationalCenterforChild
HealthandDevelopment,Tokyo157-8535,Japan,[email protected]
BertholdHuppertzCellBiology,InstituteofCellBiology,Histologyand
Embryology,CenterforMolecularMedicine,MedicalUniversityofGraz,8010
Graz,Austria,[email protected]
NatsukoKawanoDepartmentofReproductiveBiology,NationalCenterforChild
HealthandDevelopment,Tokyo157-8535,Japan,[email protected]
AndersL.KjeldbjergDepartmentofMolecularBiology,AarhusUniversity,
DK-8000 AarhusC,Denmark,[email protected]
ShigeoKoidoDepartmentofInternalMedicine,InstituteofClinicalMedicineand
Research,TheJikeiUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Tokyo,Japan,
[email protected]
YoshinaoKuboDepartmentofAIDSResearch,InstituteofTropicalMedicine,
NagasakiUniversity,Nagasaki852-8523,Japan,[email protected]
Lars-IngeLarssonDivisionofCellBiology,Anatomy,CellBiologyand
Genetics,IBHV,FacultyofLifeSciences,UniversityofCopenhagen,1809
FrederiksbergC,Denmark,[email protected]
DimitriLavilletteINSERM,U758,69007 Lyon,France,
[email protected]
RossitzaLazovaDepartmentofDermatology,YaleCancerCenter,YaleUniversity
SchoolofMedicine,NewHaven,CT06520-8059,USA,[email protected]
FrançoisMalletEcoleNormaleSupérieuredeLyon,69007 Lyon,France,
[email protected]
MamiMiyadoDepartmentofReproductiveBiology,NationalCenterforChild
HealthandDevelopment,Tokyo157-8535,Japan,[email protected]
KenjiMiyadoDepartmentofReproductiveBiology,NationalCenterforChild
HealthandDevelopment,Tokyo157-8535,Japan,[email protected]
TakeshiMiyamotoDepartmentofOrthopedicSurgery,KeioUniversitySchoolof
Medicine,Tokyo160-8582,Japan;KeioKanrinmaruProject,KeioUniversity
SchoolofMedicine,Tokyo160-8582,Japan,[email protected]
CécileMontgiraudUniversitédeLyon,UCB-Lyon1,IFR128,69007 Lyon,
France,[email protected]
Susanne-FilizÖnelFachbereichBiologie,Entwicklungsbiologie,
Philipps-UniversitätMarburg,35043 Marburg,Germany,
[email protected]
GraceK.PavlathDepartmentofPharmacology,EmoryUniversity,Atlanta,GA
30322,USA,[email protected]