Cell Cycle Control and Plant Development (Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 32)

394 Pages·2007·3.62 MB·English

by  Dirk Inzé

Cell Cycle Control and
Plant Development
Editedby
DIRKINZE´

Cell Cycle Control and Plant Development

Cell Cycle Control and
Plant Development
Editedby
DIRKINZE´
(cid:1)C 2007byBlackwellPublishingLtd
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Firstpublished2007byBlackwellPublishingLtd
ISBN:978-1-4051-5043-9
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Cellcyclecontrolandplantdevelopment/editedbyDirkInze´.
p. cm.
ISBN-13:978-1-4051-5043-9(alk.paper)
ISBN-10:1-4051-5043-2(alk.paper)
1.Plantcellcycle. 2.Cyclin-dependentkinases. 3.Plantcellsand
tisues–Growth–Regulation. I.Inze´,D.(Dirk)
QK725.C3742007
571.8(cid:2)4929—dc22
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Contents
Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
1 Thegrowingfamilyofplantcyclin-dependentkinaseswith
multiplefunctionsincellularanddevelopmentalregulation 1
DE´NESDUDITS,MA´TYA´SCSERHA´TI,PA´LMISKOLCZI
ANDGA´BORV.HORVA´TH
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 StructuraldiversityinthefamilyofplantCDKs 2
1.3 ExpressionprofilesofCDKgenes:structuresandfunctions
ofpromoters 14
1.4 DiversefunctionsofCDKproteincomplexesinmultiple
regulatorymechanisms 20
1.5 DevelopmentalconsequencesofalteredCDKfunctions 24
1.6 Perspectives 25
Acknowledgments 25
References 26
2 Theplantcyclins 31
JEROENNIEUWLAND,MARGITMENGESAND
JAMESA.H.MURRAY
2.1 Introduction 31
2.1.1 Cyclinsandthecellcycleoscillator 31
2.2 Theplantcyclinfamily 32
2.2.1 Phylogeneticrelationshipsbetweenanimal
andplantcyclins 33
2.2.2 Cyclindomains 34
2.2.3 A-typecyclins 34
2.2.4 B-typecyclins 40
2.2.5 D-typecyclins 41
2.2.6 Othercyclins 42
2.3 Expressionofcyclinsduringthecellcycle 47
2.3.1 TheG1checkpoint 47
2.3.2 Sphase 48
2.3.3 G2–M 49
2.4 Cyclinsinplantdevelopment 49
2.5 Concludingremarks 53
vi CONTENTS
Acknowledgments 54
References 54
3 CDKinhibitors 62
HONGWANG,YONGMINGZHOU,JUANANTONIO
TORRESACOSTAANDLARRYC.FOWKE
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 PlantCDKinhibitorsandsequenceuniqueness 64
3.3 Expression 66
3.4 InteractionswithcellcycleproteinsandCDKinhibition 68
3.5 Proteinstabilityandmodifications 71
3.6 Cellularlocalization 72
3.7 CDKinhibitorsandplantgrowthanddevelopment 74
3.8 Cellcyclephasetransitions 77
3.9 Cellcycleexitandendoreduplication 78
3.10 Concludingremarks 80
Notesaddedatproofingstage 82
Acknowledgments 82
References 82
4 TheUPS:anenginethatdrivesthecellcycle 87
PASCALGENSCHIKANDMARIECLAIRECRIQUI
4.1 Themolecularmachinerymediatingubiquitin-dependent
proteolysis 87
4.1.1 Ubiquitylationreaction 87
4.1.2 Ubiquitinproteinligases 89
4.2 TheSCFandAPC/C:thetwomasterE3sregulating
thecellcycle 89
4.2.1 TheSCF:anE3regulatingtheG1/Stransition 90
4.2.2 TheAPC/C:theE3coordinatingcellcycle
progressionthroughmitosisandG1 90
4.3 Cellcycletargetsoftheproteolyticmachinery 92
4.3.1 ThetransitionfromG1toSphase 92
4.3.2 RegulatorsthatcontrolDNAreplicationlicensing 95
4.3.3 Metaphasetoanaphasetransition 98
4.3.4 Mitoticcyclindestruction:theessentialsteptoexit
mitosis 99
4.3.5 APCCDC20versusAPCCDH1/CCS52 101
4.3.6 RegulationofendoreduplicationbytheAPC/C 103
4.4 Conclusion 104
References 104
5 CDKphosphorylation 114
AKIESHIMOTOHNOANDMASAAKIUMEDA
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 OverviewofCAKsinyeastsandvertebrates 116
CONTENTS vii
5.3 Vertebrate-typeCAKinplants 117
5.3.1 CDKD,cyclinHandMAT1 117
5.3.2 CDKDproteincomplexes 119
5.3.3 CDKDincellcycleregulationandtranscriptional
control 120
5.4 Plant-specificCAK 121
5.4.1 UniquefeaturesofCDKF 121
5.4.2 CAK-activatingkinaseactivityofCDKF 122
5.5 ManipulationofinvivoCDKactivitiesbyCAK 124
5.6 InhibitoryphosphorylationofyeastandvertebrateCDKs 125
5.7 InhibitoryphosphorylationofplantCDKs 126
5.7.1 PlantWEE1kinases 126
5.7.2 Requirementfortyrosinedephosphorylationinplant
celldivision 127
5.7.3 ACDC25-likephosphataseandanantiphosphatasein
Arabidopsis 129
5.8 Conclusionandperspectives 130
Acknowledgments 131
References 131
6 E2F–DPtranscriptionfactors 138
ELENARAMIREZ-PARRA,JUANCARLOSDELPOZO,
BE´NE´DICTEDESVOYES,MAR´IADELAPAZSANCHEZ
ANDCRISANTOGUTIERREZ
6.1 E2F–DPtranscriptionfactors:ahistoricalperspective 138
6.2 DomainorganizationofE2F–DPproteins 139
6.2.1 DNA-bindinganddimerizationdomains 139
6.2.2 RBR-bindingdomain 141
6.3 Transcriptionalandpost-translationalregulationofE2F 141
6.3.1 Transcription 141
6.3.2 Phosphorylation 143
6.3.3 Subcellularlocalization 143
6.3.4 SelectiveproteolysisofE2FandDP 143
6.4 E2F–DPtargetgenes 144
6.4.1 DNAreplicationgenes 148
6.4.2 Cellcyclegenes 151
6.4.3 E2Ftargetsindifferentiatedcells 152
6.4.4 Genome-wideapproachestoidentifyE2Ftarget
genes 153
6.5 FunctionalrelevanceofE2F–DPindevelopment 154
6.6 E2Fandepigeneticregulationofgeneexpression 155
6.7 Concludingremarks:complexityofE2F-dependent
regulationofgeneexpression 157
Acknowledgments 158
References 158
viii CONTENTS
7 Functionoftheretinoblastoma-relatedproteininplants 164
WILHELMGRUISSEM
7.1 Introduction 164
7.2 Retinoblastomaproteinsandthetumorsuppressorconcept 164
7.3 Theretinoblastomapathwayisconservedinanimalsand
plants 165
7.4 RetinoblastomaproteinsformcomplexeswithE2F
transcriptionfactorstocontrolentryintothecellcycle 166
7.5 G1restrictionpointcontrolismediatedbyretinoblastoma
proteinphosphorylation 168
7.6 AnimalandplantDNAvirusestargetretinoblastomaproteins
toinducehostDNAreplication 169
7.7 Informationonretinoblastomaproteinfunctioninanimal
developmentisstillincomplete 169
7.8 Retinoblastomaproteinsmayhaveconservedfunctionsin
germlinedevelopment 171
7.9 Retinoblastomaproteinsconnectstemcellmaintenanceto
cellproliferationanddifferentiation 172
7.10 PerturbationofRBRduringleafdevelopmentaffectscell
proliferationandcontrolofDNAreplication 174
7.11 Rolesofretinoblastomaproteinsintranscriptionactivation
andrepression 175
7.12 Retinoblastomaproteinsinteractwithpolycombgroup
complexesincontrollinggeneexpression 176
7.13 Conclusion 178
Acknowledgments 179
References 179
8 Auxinfuelsthecellcycleengineduringlateralrootinitiation 187
STEFFENVANNESTE,DIRKINZE´ ANDTOMBEECKMAN
8.1 Introduction 187
8.2 Cellcycleregulationduringlateralrootdevelopment 188
8.3 Stemnessofthexylempoleassociatedpericycle 189
8.4 Auxinsignallingduringlateralrootinitiation 190
8.5 Post-transcriptionalfeedbackmechanismsonauxinsignalling 193
8.6 Polarauxintransportdefineslateralrootboundaries 194
8.7 Cytokininsinhibitlateralrootdevelopment 195
8.8 Brassinosteroidsregulateauxintransport 196
8.9 Lightaltersauxinsensitivity 197
8.10 Conclusionsandperspectives 197
References 198
9 Cellcyclecontrolduringleafdevelopment 203
ANDREWJ.FLEMING
9.1 Introduction 203
9.2 Thecellcycleandcelldivisionduringleafinitiation 204