Table Of ContentResults and Problems in
Cell Differentiation
A Series of Topical Volumes in Developmental Biology
7
Advisory Board
R. Brown, Edinburgh F. Duspiva, Heidelberg H. Eagle, Bronx M. Feldman,
Rehovot P.R. Gross, Rochester H. Harris, Oxford H. Holtzer, Philadelphia
W A. Jensen, Berkeley R. J. Neff, Nashville D. H. Northcote, Cambridge
C. Pelling, Ttibingen W Sachsenmaier, Innsbruck H. A. Schneiderman, Irvine
E. Schnepf, Heidelberg H. G. Schweiger, 'Wilhelmshaven G. L. Stebbins, Davis
C. Stern, Berkeley H. Tiedeman, Berlin W Trager, New York R. Weber, Bern
R. Wollgiehn, Haile T. Yamada, Oak Ridge
Editors
W Beermann, Ttibingen W Gehring, Basel J. B. Gurdon, Cambridge (England)
F. C. Kafatos, Cambridge (USA) J. Reinert, Berlin H. Ursprung, Zurich
Cell Cycle
and Cell Differentiation
Edited by J. Reinert and H. Holtzer
With Contributions by
T. W Borun, Philadelphia A. C. Braun, New York S. R. Dienstman, Philadelphia
J. B. Gurdon, Cambridge H. Holtzer, Philadelphia R. K. Hunt, Philadelphia
R. C. King, Evanston P. Lawrence, Cambridge F. Meins, Jr., Princeton
R. E. Nelson, Los Angeles S. E. Pj'eiffer, Farmington C. H. Phelps, Farmington
C. P. Selitrenniko{f; Los Angeles L. Shapiro, Bronx R. W Siegel, Los Angeles
R. nanev, So.fla H. Weintraub, Princeton N. B. Wood, Bronx
With 92 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1975
ISBN 978-3-662-21693-4 ISBN 978-3-540-37390-2 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-3-540-37390-2
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© by Springer-Verlag llerlin·lleidclberg 1975.
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1975.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975
Library or Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title: Cell cycle and cell differentiation. (Results and problems
in cell differentiation; 7). Includes bibliographies and index. I. Cell cycle. 2. Cell differentiation. I. Borun,T.W. II. Reinert,J. Ill.
Holtzer. H., 1923-IV. Series. QH607.R4 vol. 7 [QH605]. 574.8"61. 75-X623.
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Preface
It is instructive to compare the response of biologists to the two themes that
comprise the title of this volume. The concept of the cell cycle-in contra
distinction to cell division-is a relatively recent one. Nevertheless biologists of
all persuasions appreciate and readily agree on the central problems in this area.
Issues ranging from mechanisms that initiate and integrate the synthesis of chro
mosomal proteins and DNA during S-phase of mitosis to the manner in which
assembly of microtubules and their interactions lead to the segregation of
metaphase chromosomes are readily followed by botanists and zoologists, as well
as by cell and molecular biologists. These problems are crisp and well-defined.
The current state of "cell differentiation" stands in sharp contrast. This, one
of the oldest problems in experimental biology, almost defies definition today.
The difficulties arise not only from a lack of pertinent information on the
regulatory mechanisms, but also from conflicting basic concepts in this field.
One of the ways in which this situation might be improved would be to find a
broader experimental basis, including a better understanding of the relationship
between the cell cycle and cell differentiation.
The contributors to this volume were not selected because they shared a
common viewpoint regarding the interrelationship of the cell cycle and
cell differentiation. For some of the authors differentiation occurs quite inde
pendently of the events of the cell cycle, for others some events associated
with differentiation may be initiated only during a particular phase of the
cell cycle, whereas still others predict that basic epigenetic changes can occur
only during a quanta! cell cycle. The internal coherence of the articles in this
volume stems from the fact that each contributor in the past (1) has given serious
thought to the relationship between the two subjects and (2) has provisionally
accepted the definition of differentiation as "those mechanisms that make in
formation not readily available in a particular mother cell readily available in its
daughter cells."
February 1975 W. BEERMANN
H. HOLTZER
J. REINERT
H. URSPRUNG
Contents
Myogenesis: A Cell Lineage Interpretation
by S. R. DIENSTMAN and H. HoLTZER
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Definition of the Ultimate and Penultimate Compartments of the
Myogenic Lineage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
III. Is Movement from the PMb toMb Compartment Dependent on DNA
Replication and/or the Cell Cycle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
IV. Is Cytokinesis Obligatory to Move Cells from the PMb to the Mb
Compartment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
V. How Much Time is Required for a Myogenic Cell to Demonstrate a
Newly Available Option for Synthesis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
VI. When in the Cell Cycle Do Myogenic Cells Fuse and Are They PMb
or Mb Cells? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
VII. Is There Evidence for a Developmental Program Controlling the
Different Compartments within the Myogenic Lineage? . . . . . . 12
VIII. What is the Minimal Number of Compartments within the Myogenic
Lineage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
IX. When Do PMb Cells First Appear during Embryogenesis? . . . . . 15
X. Is the PMb Compartment Ever Depleted? . . . . . . . . . 16
XI. Does the Ongoing Program of Mb Cells Differ Qualitatively from
That of PMb Cells? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
XII. What Is the Mechanism of the Quanta! Cell Cycle? 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Organization of Red Cell Differentiation
by H. WEINTRAUB
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
I I. Primitive Chick Erythropoiesis: Background to a Model System 27
III. What Is To Be Explained? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
IV. Hemoglobin Synthesis Begins at a Specific Time in the Cell Cycle 30
V. DNA Synthesis Is Required for the Initiation of Hb Synthesis 30
VI. The Cell Cycle Separating the Precursor Erythroblast from Its Progeny
Is a Unique One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
VII. The Time of Replication of the BUdR-Sensitive Targets 35
VII I. The Genetic Organization of Erythropoiesis . . . . . 36
VIII Contents
IX. How Might DNA Replication Function m the Activation of the
Erythropoietic Program? 39
References . . . . . . 40
The Cell Cycle, Cell Lineage, and Neuronal Specificity
byR. K. HuNT
I. Introduction 43
II. Programmed Features of Neuronal Diversity 44
II I. Levels of Specificity and Boundary Criteria 46
IV. Qualitative Differences among Early Precursor Cells 49
V. Late Neural Precursor Cells . . . . . . . . . . . 51
VI. In variance of Lineages and the Role of the Cell Cycle 53
VII. Coordinate Control of Developmental Programming 56
VIII. Summary 58
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Neurogenesis and the Cell Cycle
by C. H. PHELPS and S. E. PFEIFFER
I. Normal Development 63
II. Tumor Cell Lines in vitro 69
III. Conclusions 76
References 78
The Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation in the Drosophila Ovary
byR. C. KING
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
II. The Production of Branching Chains of Cystocytes 87
Ill. The Hormonal Control of Oogonial Transformation 89
IV. The Origin and Differentiation of Ring Canal Rims 94
V. Factors Controlling the Cessation of Mitosis and the Differentiation
of Cystocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
VI. The Influence of the F es Mutation upon the Division and Differen-
tiation ofCystocytes . . . . . . . . . . . 98
VII. Hereditary Ovarian Tumors of Fused Females .......... 102
VIII. The Fate of the Pro-Oocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
IX. The Control of Chromosomal Replication and Transcription during
Gametogenesis . . . . . 104
X. Discussion and Conclusions 105
References . . . . . . . I 07
Contents IX
The Cell Cycle and Cellular Differentiation in Insects
by P. LAWRENCE
I. Introduction Ill
II. Asymmetric Divisions Ill
Ill. Symmetric Divisions . 114
IV. Juvenile Hormone and Cell Division 114
V. Pattern Formation and the Cell Cycle 117
VI. Conclusion 119
References 119
Nuclear Transplantation and the Cyclic Reprogramming of Gene Expression
by J. B. GURDON
I. Introduction 123
II. Conclusions 130
References 130
Morphogenesis during the Cell Cycle of the Prokaryote, Caulobacter crescentus
by N. B. Wooo and L. SHAPIRO
I. Introduction . . . . . 133
II. The Caulohucter Cell Cycle 134
Ill. Regulation of Cell Cycle 142
IV. Conclusions 147
References 147
Cell Division and the Determination Phase of Cytodifferentiation in Plants
by F. MEINS, JR.
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
I I. Differentiation of Tracheary Elements 152
I I I. Differentiation of Chlorophyll-Producing Cells 153
IV. Development ofy-Plantlets . . . . . . . . 155
V. Changes in Cytodifferentiation and the Potential for Organogenesis in
Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
VI. Kinetic Models Relating Cell Proliferation and Cytodifferentiation 157
VII. Epigenetic versus Genetic Mechanisms for Cell Determination 167
VIII. Concluding Remarks 170
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
The Cell Cycle and Tumorigenesis in Plants
by A. C. BRAUN
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
II. The Two-Phase Concept of Tumor Development 177
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
X Contents
Cell Cycle and Liver Function
byR. TSANEV
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
II. Cellular Reprogramming . . . . . . . 197
III. Developmental Changes of Hepatocytes . 201
IV. Functional Changes of Adult Hepatocytes . 212
V. Cell Population Kinetics of the Hepatocytes . 215
VI. Induction of Cell Proliferation in Adult Liver . 217
VII. The Control of Q-P Transition . . . . . . . 224
VIII. Mitotic Cycle and Differentiated Function of the Hepatocyte . 229
IX. Maintenance of the Hepatic Cellular Type upon Continuous Cellular
Proliferation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
X. Mitotic Cycle and Hepatocarcinogenesis . 233
XL General Conclusions . 237
References . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Histones, Differentiation, and the Cell Cycle
by TH. W. BORUN
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
II. Histone Multiplicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
III. The Relationship of DNA Replication to Histone Synthesis . 254
IV. Relative Amounts of Different Histone Polypeptides Synthesized and
Retained on Chromosomes during the Somatic Cell Cycle and
Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
V. Histone Turnover after Incorporation into Chromosomes . . . . . 259
VI. The Molecular Basis of Histone Synthesis and Its Control during the
Somatic Cell Cycle and Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
VII. The Post-Translational Modifications and Their Relationship to the
Control of RNA Transcription, Histone mRNA Translation, and
Cellular Proliferation . 265
VIII. Conclusions . 276
References . . . . . 278
Cell Changes in Neurospora
by R. E. NELSON, C. P. SELITRENNIKOFF, and R. W. SIEGEL
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
II. Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
III. Genetic Alteration of a Luxury Molecule . 300
IV. Genes for Cell Morphogenesis . 303
V. Concluding Remarks 307
References . 309
Subject Index . 311
Contributors
BoRUN, THADDEUS W., Fels Research Institute, Temple University School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)
BRAUN,ARMIN C., The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (USA)
DIENSTMAN, STEVEN R., Departments of Biology and Anatomy, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)
GuRDON,]. B., Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge (England)
HOLTZER, HowARD, Department of Anatomy, University of Pennsylvania, Phila
delphia, Pennsylvania (USA)
HUNT, R. K., Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania.
School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)
KING,ROBERTC., Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois (USA)
LAWRENCE, PETER, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge (England)
MEINS, FREDERICK, Jr., Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton,
New Jersey (USA)
NELSON,R.E., Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles,
California (USA)
PFEIFFER, S. E., Departments of Anatomy and Microbiology, University of
Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (USA)
PHELPS, CREIGHTON H., Department of Anatomy and Microbiology, University
of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (USA)
SELITRENNIKOFF, C. P., Department of Biology, University of California, Los
Angeles, California (USA)
SHAPIRO, LUCILLE, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
(USA)
SIEGEL,R. W., Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles,
California (USA)
TsANEV, R., Institute of Biochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
(Bulgaria)
WEINTRAUB, HAROLD, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Princeton University,
Princeton, New Jersey (USA)
WooD,NANCYB., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (USA)
