Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry: General Principles and Biotechnology

436 Pages·1987·20.02 MB·English

by  J. M. Bonga

Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry
FORESTRY SCIENCES
Baas P, ed: New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2526-7
Prins CFL, ed: Production, Marketing and Use of Finger-Jointed Sawnwood. 1982.
ISBN 90-247-2569-0
Oldeman RAA, et aI., eds: Tropical Hardwood Utilization: Practice and Prospects. 1982.
ISBN 90-247-2581-X
Den Ouden P and Boom BK: Manual of Cultivated Conifers: Hardy in Cold and Warm-
Temperate Zone. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2148-2
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Tissue Culture in Forestry. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2660-3
Satoo T and Magwick HAl: Forest Biomass. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2710-3
Van Nao T, ed: Forest Fire Prevention and Control. 1982. ISBN 90-247-3050-3
Douglas J: A Re-appraisal of Forestry Development in Developing Countries. 1983.
ISBN 90-247-2830-4
Gordon JC and Wheeler CT, eds: Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Forest Ecosystems:
Foundations and Applications. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2849-5
Nemeth MV: The Virus-Mycoplasma and Rikettsia Disease of Fruit Trees.
ISBN 90-247-2868-1
Duryea ML and Landis TD, eds: Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seed
lings. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2913-0
Hummel FC, ed: Forest Policy: A Contribution to Resource Development. 1984.
ISBN 90-247-2883-5
Manion PD, ed: Scleroderris Canker of Conifers. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2912-2
Duryea ML and Brown GN, eds: Seedling Physiology and Reforestation Success. 1984.
ISBN 90-247-2949-1
Staaf KAG and Wiksten NA: Tree Harvesting Techniques. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2994-7
Boyd JD: Biophysical Control of Microfibril Orientation in Plant Cell Walls. 1985.
ISBN 90-247-3101-1
Findlay WPK, ed: Preservation of Timber in the Tropics. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3112-7
Samset I: Winch and Cable Systems. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3205-0
Leary RA: Interaction Theory in Forest Ecology and Management. 1985.
ISBN 90-247-3220-4
Gessel SP: Forest Site and Productivity. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3284-0
Hennessf:y TC, Dougherty PM, Kossuth SV and Johnson JD, eds: Strl~ss Physiology and
Forest Productivity. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3359-6
Shepherd KR: Plantation Silviculture. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3379-0
Sohlberg Sand Sokolov VE, eds: Practical Application of Remote Sensing in Forestry.
1986. ISBN 90-247-3392-8
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume I: General
Principles and Biotechnology. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3430-4
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume 2: Specific
Principles and Methods: Growth and Developments. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3431-2
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume 3: Case
Histories: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and Palms. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3432-0
(Set Vols. 1-3: ISBN 90-247-3433-9)
Cell and Tissue Culture
in Forestry
Volume 1
General Principles and Biotechnology
edited by
1.M. BONGA and DON 1. DURZAN
Canadian Forestry Service / University of California
....
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. 1987 "
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cell and tissue culture in forestry.
(Forestry sciences)
Rev. ed. of: Tissue culture in forestry. 1982.
Includes index.
Contents: v. 1. General principles and biotechnology
-- v. 2. Specific principles and methods.
1. Plant cell culture--Collected works. 2. Plant
tissue culture--Collected works. 3. Forests and
forestry--Collected works. I. Bonga, J. M. II. Durzan,
D. J. III. Tissue culture in forestry. IV. Series.
SD403.).C45 1987 634.9'56 86-23767
ISBN 978-90-481-8300-5 ISBN 978-94-017-0994-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1 007/978-94-017-0994-1
Copyright
© 1987 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Martinus NijhoffPublishers, Dordrecht in 1987
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise. without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
v
VOLUME 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of contributors XIII
1. INTRODUCTION 1
MEDIA AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
2. GENERAL MEDIA AND VESSELS SUITABLE FOR WOODY PLANT CULTURE - 4
B.H. McCown, and J.C. Sellmer
1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
2. BASIC NINERAL SALT FORMULATIONS AND SOME KEY DIFFERENCES
2.1. Total ionic strength
2.2. Total nitrogen levels
2.3. Calcium deficiency in shoot culture: shoot-tip necrosis
2.4. Chloride sensitivity
3. VESSEL CHARACTERISTICS
4. SONE INTERACTIONS OF INTEREST
4.1. Mineral formulation x growth regulator effect
4.2. vitreous growth and media/vessel selection
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
3. MICRONUTRIENTS - R.D. Teasdale 17
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MICRONUTRIENTS
2.1. Chemical speciation and media interactions
2.2. Avoidance and removal of trace nutrients
3. BIOLOGICAL ROLES AND REQUIRENENTS
3.1. Essential cations
3.1.1. Iron
3.1.2. Copper
3.1. 3. Zinc
3.1.4. Manganese
3.1.5. Cobalt
3.1.6. Nickel
3.1.7. Sodium
3.2. Essential anions
3.2.1. Boron
3.2.2. Molybdenum
3.2.3. Chlorine
3.2.4. Iodine
3.3. Other microelements
4. CONSIDERATIONS IN TISSUE CULTURE
4.1. Media formulations
4.2. Some considerations for physiological studies
4.2.1. Stress application
4.2.2. Growth analysis methods
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
VI
4. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND MORPHOGENESIS IN CELL AND TISSUE 50
CULTURE OF FOREST TREES - S.C. Minocha
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS IN CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
2.1. Historical perspective
2.2. Current status
3. MODE OF ACTION OF GROWTH REGULATORS
3.1. Concentration of growth regulators inside the cell
3.2. Growth regulator metabolism
3.3. Interactions with specific receptors
3.4. Indirect effects
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
5. NITROGEN NUTRITION - E.G. Kirby, T. Leustek, and M.S. Lee 67
1. INTRODUCTION: NITROGEN NUTRITION OF PLANT CELL CULTURES
2. PATHWl,YS OF NITROGEN ASSIMILATION
2.1. Nitrate reduction
2.1.1. Nitrate reductase
2.2. Ammonium assimilation
2.2.1. Glutamate dehydrogenase
3. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS: TISSUE AND CELL CULTURE
APPLICATIONS
3.1. Inorganic nitrogen
3.2. Organic nitrogen
3.2.1. Amino acids
3.2.2. Urea
3.2.3. Ureides
3.2.4. Polyamines
3.3. Complex substances
6. METABOLIC AND NON-METABOLIC ROLES OF CARBOHYDRATES - M.R. 89
Thompson, and T.A. Thorpe
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SHOOT INITIATION
2.1. Exogenous carbohydrate requirements
2.2. Endogenous carbohydrate requirements
2.2.1. Metabolic role of carbohydrates
2.2.2. Non-metabolic role of carbohydrates
3. SHOOT ELONGATION
4. ROOT INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT
5. EMBRYOGENESIS
6. CYTODIFFERENTIATION
7. NON-DIFFERENTIATING SYSTEMS
8. CONCLUSIONS
7. POLYAMINES - N. Bagni, and S. Biondi 113
1. INTRODUCTION
2. POLYAl'IINES IN PLANT GROvlTH AND DIFFERENTIATION AND
INTERACTION WITH OTHER PHYTOHORMONES
3. CONCLUSIONS
VII
8. PH OF THE MEDIUM AND THE GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF CELLS IN 125
CULTURE - S.C. Minocha
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MEASUREMENT OF CELLULAR PH
3. EFFECT OF EXTERNAL PH ON CYTOPLASMIC PH
4. CHANGES IN PH OF THE GROWTH MEDIUM DURING CELL CULTURE
5. EFFECTS OF PH ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM
5.1. Nutrient precipitation
5.2. Nutrient uptake
5.3. Plant hormone uptake
5.4. Optimal pH
5.5. Effects on morphogenesis
6. POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR CHANGES IN PH OF THE MEDIUM
7. CONCLUSIONS
9. TEMPERATURE - V. Chalupa 142
1. INTRODUCTION
2. INCUBATION TEMPERATURE
3. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON TISSUE CULTURE GROWTH
4. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ORGANOGENESIS
5. EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURE
6. CONCLUSION
10. VITRIFICATION: MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ECOLOGICAL 152
ASPECTS - Th. Gaspar, C. Kevers, P. DeBergh, L. Maene, M.
Paques, and Ph. Boxus
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General definition
1.2. Apparent causes and remedies
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS LEADING TO
VITRIFICATION
2.1. Biochemical deviations
2.1.1. Water content
2.1.2. Cell wall components
2.1.3. Enzymes related to lignification; phenols
2.1.4. Chlorophylls and photosynthesis
2.1.5. Growth regulators
2.2. Hypothetical sequence of reactions leading to
vitrification
3. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF VITRIFICATION
3.1. Limitations of the terminology
3.2. The role of agar quality and concentration
3.3. The role of relative humidity in the culture atmosphere
4. MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF VITRIFICATION IN
APPLE ROOTSTOCK M.26
CLONAL PROPAGATION
11. TESTING AND DEVELOPMENT OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TREES - 167
W.J. Libby
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. What is meant by "genetically engineered", "testing" and
"deployment"?
VIII
1.2. Some preliminary questions
2. TESTING
2.1. General considerations
2.1.1. Genetic variation within entry units
2.1.2. Environmental variation within and between test~
sites
2.1.3. The number of entries in a test
2.1.4. The location, preparation and care of test sitE!s
3. CLONAL TESTING
3.1. Sensitivity to broad-sense heritability
3.2. Sensitivity to proportion and number of clones selected
3.3. Optimum numbers of test ramets per clone
3.4. Large contiguous plots vs. non-contiguous or single tree
plots
3.5. Typical vs. atypical sites
3.6. Possibility of testing for competitive compatibility
4. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIotlS FOR GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TREES
4.1. The relationship of genetic novelty and test stringency
4.1.1. Two stories
4.2. The heritability of genetically engineered
characteristics
4.3. The stability of somaclonal variation
4.4. Propagule comparability
5. GENERAL DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES
5.1. Provenances
5.2. Unusual sites
6. CLONAL DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES
6.1. Numbers of clones per locale
6.2. General-purpose vs. interactive clones
6.3. Wimps vs. moms
7. SPECIAL STRATEGIES FOR GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TREES
7.1. Minority mixes
2. POTENTIAL GENETIC GAIN THROUGH TISSUE CULTURE - R. Timmis, 198
M.M. Abo EI-Nil, and R.W. Stonecypher
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TREE IMPROVEMENT TODAY
2.1. Typical programs
2.2. Genetic gain and constraints
3. APPLICATION OF TISSUE CULTURE
3.1. Present advantages and limitations of vegetative
propagation
3.2. Timing of genetic gain and practical aspects
4. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
4.1. Maximizing broad-sense heritability
4.2. In vitro selection
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. JUVENILITY AND MATURITY - W.P. Hackett 216
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESCRIPTION AND DEVELOPMENTAL BASIS OF PHASE CHANGE
3. STABILITY OF JUVENILE AND MATURE MERISTEMS
3.1. Cellular
3.2. Structural and organizational
3.3. Correlative
IX
14. REJUVENATION - A. Franclet, M. Boulay, F. Bekkaoui, 232
Y. Fouret, B. Verschoore-Martouzet, and N. Walker
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROGRESSIVE REJUVENATION BY HORTICULTURAL TREATMENTS
3. IN VITRO CULTURE AS A REJUVENATION TECHNIQUE
4. IN VITRO REJUVENATION OF SEQUOIA: A POSSIBLE MODEL FOR
OTHER SPECIES
5. DISCUSSION
6. CONCLUSION
15. CLONAL PROPAGATION OF MATURE TREES: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE 249
SOLUTIONS - J.M. Bonga
1. WHY CLONAL PROPAGATION OF MATURE TREES
2. JUVENILITY, MATURITY, AND REJUVENATION
2.1. Location of juvenile tissue in mature trees
2.2. Pretreatments
2.3. Physiological and genetic factors
3. TECHNIQUES PRESENTLY APPLICABLE
3.1. Collection of juvenile tissues
3.2. Explant size
3.3. Avoidance of determined tissues as explant source
3.4. Adjustment of cultural conditions
4. VARIATION IN RELATION TO THE JUVENILE-MATURE GRADIENT
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
GENETIC VARIATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURE
16. SOMACLONAL VARIATION - M.R. Ahuja 272
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TERMINOLOGY
3. GENERAL ASPECTS
4. GENETIC BASIS OF SOMACLONAL VARIATION
5. SOMACLONAL VS GAMETOCLONAL VARIATION
6. MECHANISMS OF SOMACLONAL VARIATION
7. SOMACLONAL VARIATION IN FOREST TREES
8. FUTURE OUTLOOK
17. MEASUREMENT AND ORIGIN OF GENETIC VARIATION IN TISSUE 286
CULTURE SYSTEMS - D.E. Parfitt, and S. Arulsekar
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ISOZYME VARIATION
3. CHROMOSOME VARIABILITY
4. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION
5. RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM
6. OTHER VARIATION
7. ORIGIN OF VARIATION
8. SUMMARY
18. DNA IN TREE SPECIES - S.S. Dhillon 298
1. INTRODUCTION