Cell and Molecular Biology (Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews)

244 Pages·2010·219.69 MB·English

by  Nalini Chandar

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Lippincott’s
Illustrated Reviews:
Cell and
Molecular Biology
Nalini Chandar, PhD
Professor of Biochemistry
Midwestern University
Downers Grove, Illinois
Susan Viselli, PhD
Professor of Biochemistry
Midwestern University
Downers Grove, Illinois
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Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chandar, Nalini.
Cell and molecular biology / Nalini Chandar, Susan Viselli.
p. ; cm.—(Lippincott’s illustrated reviews)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7817-9210-3 (alk. paper)
1. Cytology—Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Cytology—Outlines, syllabi, etc. 3. Molecular biology—Examinations,
questions, etc. 4. Molecular biology—Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Viselli, Susan. II. Title. III. Series: Lippincott’s illustrated reviews.
[DNLM: 1. Cells—Examination Questions. 2. Biological Transport—physiology—Examination Questions. 3. Cell
Physiological Phenomena—Examination Questions. 4. Genetic Processes—Examination Questions. QU 18.2 C454c 2010]
QH581.2.C47 2010
611'.0181—dc22
2009037688
DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted practices. How-
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This book is dedicated to those we teach and
to those who taught us
Acknowledgments
Special thanks are extended to Matt Chansky who expertly and patiently trans-
formed our sketches into the works of art that appear as fi gures throughout this
book.
We are grateful to the team at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. We thank Crystal
Taylor whose support has been invaluable throughout the course of this project.
We extend our gratitude to Kelly Horvath for her encouragement and skillful devel-
opmental editing. We also greatly appreciate the guidance provided by Jennifer
Verbiar.
We value the support and critical reviews provided to us by our department chair-
man, Dr Lon Van Winkle. We are also thankful to all peer and student reviewers
who read and critiqued the early versions of the chapters of this book.
We extend special gratitude to Dr Pamela Champe and Dr Richard Harvey, editors
of the Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews series. We have used LIR Biochemistry as
our coursebook for many years. We hope that this newest addition to the series
will complement it and other fi ne LIR books and will become a helpful resource to
students of the health professions.
And, of course this book would not have been possible without the support of our
families. Thank you!
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Contents
UNIT I: Cell and Tissue Structure and Organization
Chapter 1: Stem Cells and Their Differentiation 2
Chapter 2: Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion 9
Chapter 3: Biological Membranes 26
Chapter 4: Cytoskeleton 35
Chapter 5: Organelles 47
UNIT II: Organization of the Eukaryotic Genome and Gene Expression
Chapter 6: The Eukaryotic Genome 58
Chapter 7: DNA Replication 69
Chapter 8: Transcription 83
Chapter 9: Translation 92
Chapter 10: Regulation of Gene Expression 107
Chapter 11: Protein Traffi cking 117
Chapter 12: Protein Degradation 126
UNIT III: Membrane Transport
Chapter 13: Basic Concepts of Transport 132
Chapter 14: Active Transport 140
Chapter 15: Glucose Transport 146
Chapter 16: Drug Transport 154
UNIT IV: Cell Signaling
Chapter 17: G Protein Signaling 160
Chapter 18: Catalytic Receptor Signaling 169
Chapter 19: Steroid Receptor Signaling 178
UNIT V: Regulation of Cell Growth and Cell Death
Chapter 20: The Cell Cycle 188
Chapter 21: Regulation of the Cell Cycle 196
Chapter 22: Abnormal Cell Growth 205
Chapter 23: Cell Death 215
Chapter 24: Aging and Senescence 226
Index 233
v
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Stem Cells and 1
Their Differentiation
I. OVERVIEW
All cells within an organism are derived from precursor cells. Precursor
cells divide along specifi c paths in order to produce cells that are dif-
ferentiated to perform specialized tasks within tissues and organs. Cells
with the capacity to give rise to the whole organism are referred to as
stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by the ability to self-renew.
They also generate many daughter cells committed to differentiate
(change) into a diverse range of specialized cell types. A daughter cell
with the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types is pluri-
potent.
The human body is made up of about 200 different types of cells. The
human genome is the same in all cell types, meaning that within an
individual person, all cells have exactly the same DNA sequences
and genes. Stem cells represent all the different ways that human
genes are expressed as proteins. In order for different regions of the
genome to be expressed in different cell types, the genome has to be
reversibly modifi ed. In fact, the organization of chromatin (a complex
of specifi c proteins and DNA) varies between cell types and is made
possible by reversible covalent modifi cation of the proteins that are
associated with DNA and sometimes the DNA itself (see also Chapter 6).
These modifi cations are important to expose regions of the DNA to
the proteins and enzymes that are required for transcription (DNA →
RNA), allowing for variation in gene expression as proteins (see also
Chapter 8).
Different cell types arise from single precursor cells that proliferate (divide)
and eventually differentiate into cells with unique structures, functions,
and chemical composition. From specifi c proteins produced in the cells,
a special type of cell division, and the microenvironment of the precursor
cell, a progeny of cells is produced. This progeny can both sustain the
organism as well as carry out specifi c functions in the body.
II. STEM CELLS
Stem cells exist in both early embryos and in adult tissues (Figure 1.1).
The stem cells present in early embryos have an extensive capacity to
differentiate into all cell types of the organism. Populations of stem cells
exist in adults that can differentiate into various cells within a lineage
but not outside that lineage. For example, a hematopoietic stem cell can
2
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