Table Of ContentGLOBAL DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL POLICY
Causal Mechanisms in
the Global Development
of Social Policies
Edited by
Johanna Kuhlmann
Frank Nullmeier
Global Dynamics
of Social Policy CRC 1342
Global Dynamics of Social Policy
Series Editors
Lorraine Frisina Doetter
University of Bremen
Bremen, Germany
Delia González de Reufels
University of Bremen
Bremen, Germany
Kerstin Martens
University of Bremen
Bremen, Germany
Marianne Sandvad Ulriksen
University of Southern Denmark
Odense, Denmark
This open access series welcomes studies on the waves, ruptures and
transformative periods of welfare state expansion and retrenchment
globally, that is, across nation states and the world as well as across history
since the inception of the modern Western welfare state in the nineteenth
century. It takes a comprehensive and globalized perspective on social
policy, and the approach will help to locate and explain episodes of
retrenchment, austerity, and tendencies toward de-welfarization in
particular countries, policy areas and/or social risk-groups by reference to
prior, simultaneous or anticipated episodes of expansion or contraction
in other countries, areas, and risks. One of the aims of this series is to
address the different constellations that emerge between political and
economic actors including international and intergovernmental organi-
zations, political actors and bodies, and business enterprises. A better
understanding of these dynamics improves the reader’s grasp of social
policy making, social policy outputs, and ultimately the outcomes of
social policy.
More information about this series at
https://link.springer.com/bookseries/16294
Johanna Kuhlmann • Frank Nullmeier
Editors
Causal Mechanisms
in the Global
Development of
Social Policies
Editors
Johanna Kuhlmann Frank Nullmeier
University of Bremen University of Bremen
Bremen, Germany Bremen, Germany
ISSN 2661-8672 ISSN 2661-8680 (electronic)
Global Dynamics of Social Policy
ISBN 978-3-030-91087-7 ISBN 978-3-030-91088-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91088-4
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2022. This book is an open access publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation,
distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the
original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes
were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons
licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s
Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
On this Series
The intervention of states in fields such as health, social security and work
dates back to the nineteenth century, and became more dynamic over
time. Imperial Prussia, a social policy pioneer, first showcased its progress
at the Paris World Fair in 1900: the Prussian exhibit drew large crowds
eager to find out more about state pensions. Clearly, social policy had
become a matter of great interest to states and citizens alike.
Other nations soon embarked on implementing discrete social poli-
cies, thus turning the twentieth century into a time of remarkable welfare
state expansion. The end of World War II marked a new departure, as an
increasing number of countries outside the Western hemisphere began to
introduce social policy measures. States not only copied established forms
of welfare, but often developed measures sui-generis to meet their specific
needs. While episodes of policy retrenchment and ruptures can be
observed over time, recent developments point to an expansion of social
policies in low-to-upper-middle-income countries of the Global South.
Social policy has thus become a global phenomenon.
It is generally accepted that the state is responsible for welfare and that
domestic politics and ideas have been a primary driver of its expansion.
However, in an increasingly interconnected world, social policy is imple-
mented at the national level but influenced by international develop-
ments and relations. It is shaped by trade, migration, war and colonialism.
Just as people travel, policy ideas follow. These factors merit scholarly
v
vi On this Series
attention and demand interdisciplinary collaboration to generate new
insights into the global dimension of social policy.
This is what the Global Dynamics of Social Policy book series sets out
to accomplish. In doing so, it also contributes to the mission of the
Collaborative Research Center 1342 (CRC) “Global Dynamics of Social
Policy” at the University of Bremen, Germany. Funded by the German
Research Foundation, the CRC leaves behind the traditionally OECD-
focused analysis of social policy to stress the transnational interconnect-
edness of developments.
The book series showcases scholarship by colleagues worldwide who
are interested in the global dynamics of social policy. Studies can range
from in-depth case studies, comparative work and large quantitative
research. Moreover, the promotion of scholarship by young researchers is
of great importance to the series.
The series is published in memory of Stephan Leibfried to whom our
research on state and social policy at the CRC is indebted in count-
less ways.
Bremen, Germany Lorraine Frisina Doetter
Odense, Denmark Delia González de Reufels
Kerstin Martens
Marianne Sandvad Ulriksen
Praise for Causal Mechanisms in the Global
Development of Social Policies
“Causal mechanisms meet social policy research in this masterful volume that
offers clear theoretical and methodological guidance, while providing concrete
examples from across the world. Kuhlmann, Nullmeier, and the impressive
group of scholars they have gathered offer an innovative mechanism-based
approach to study social policy processes that elegantly fuses the actions of
policy actors with complex theory-centered causal sequences. This book’s
theoretical and methodological insights make it a must-read for social policy
scholars across disciplines.”
—Sara Niedzwiecki, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
Contents
Part I Introductory Section 1
1 Introduction: A Mechanism-Based Approach to Social
Policy Research 3
Frank Nullmeier and Johanna Kuhlmann
Part II Causal Mechanisms and Social Policies in Asian
Countries 31
2 The Introduction of Pension, Accident, and Health
Insurance in Urban China 33
Tobias ten Brink, Armin Müller, and Tao Liu
3 Causal Mechanisms in the Development of Contribution-
Based Pension Systems in South Korea, Vietnam, Sri
Lanka, and Malaysia 67
Johanna Kuhlmann and Frank Nullmeier
ix
x Contents
4 Causal Mechanisms in the Introduction and Development
of Unemployment Insurance in Turkey 103
Kerem Gabriel Öktem
5 Causal Mechanisms in the Introduction of Mandatory
Health Insurance in the Post-Soviet Region 141
Andreas Heinrich, Gulnaz Isabekova, and Heiko Pleines
Part III Causal Mechanisms and Social Policies in African
Countries 167
6 Appropriating the Colonial State: The Emergence of
Social Insurance in Tunisia and Uganda 169
Kressen Thyen and Klaus Schlichte
7 Policy Pollination as a Causal Mechanism Explaining
Social Protection Adoption in Africa 203
Stephen Devereux
Part IV Causal Mechanisms and Social Policies in European
Countries 237
8 Anti-communist Backlash in the Croatian Healthcare
System 239
Ante Malinar
9 Against All Odds: Introducing Social Health Insurance in
Albania. An Actor- Centred Approach to Causal
Mechanisms 271
Ertila Druga
