Catalog of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Philippines - Smithsonian

190 Pages·2006·8 MB·English

Catalog of the Benthic Marine Algae
of the Philippines
PAUL C. SILVA,
ERNANI G. MENEZ,
and RICHARD L. MOE
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES • NUMBER 27
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Robert McC. Adams
Secretary
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Corrections to Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Number 27:
Page 69. Polysiphonia beaudettei. First entry should be spelled the same as
the centered heading.
Page 142. Delete van den Hoek from the authorship of van den Hoek,
Vannajan, and Trono, then transfer the two references to page 153,
preceding Velasquez.
Page 157. Change explanation of Index to read:
(Primary entries in roman, synonyms and names mentioned
incidentally in italic.)

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES • NUMBER 27
Catalog of the Benthic Marine Algae
of the Philippines
Paul C. Silva,
Ernani G. Menez,
and Richard L. Moe
ISSUED
DEC 0 1 1987
•SOMAN INST'ljTi.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1987
ABSTRACT
Silva, Paul C, Ernani G. Menez, and Richard L. Moe. Catalog of the Benthic
Marine Algae of the Philippines. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences,
number 27, 179 pages, 2 figures, 1987.—All published records of benthic marine
algae from the Philippines are assembled in a catalog with the taxa arranged according
to an assumed phylogenetic scheme to the rank of family. The taxonomic framework
takes into consideration recently published opinions. Each taxonomic synonym is
accompanied by a citation of the author who first proposed the synonymy. Additional
taxonomic and nomenclatural notes are provided where deemed useful. Type local
ities are indicated for all accepted names and taxonomic synonyms.
Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae) comprise 19 genera with 61 species. They are
arranged according to the Geitlerian system, accompanied by a reconciliation with
the Drouetian system. Their nomenclature is based on a 1753 Linnaean starting
point rather than the later starting points specified by the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature.
Rhodophyceae (red algae) comprise 130 genera with 506 specific or infraspecific
taxa, of which 35 have Philippine type localities.
Phaeophyceae (brown algae) comprise 23 genera with 154 species or infraspecific
taxa, of which 27 have Philippine type localities.
Chlorophyceae (green algae) comprise 37 genera with 251 species or infraspecific
taxa, of which 20 have Philippine type localities.
Portieria Zanardini 1851 is adopted in place of Chondrococcus Kutzing 1847,
Eupogodon Kutzing 1845 in place of Dasyopsis (Montagne) Montagne 1847, and
Hincksia J.E. Gray 1864 in place of Giffordia Batters 1893. In addition, new binomials
are proposed in Gelidium, Halymenia, Callophyllis, Sporolithon, Gracilaria, Ceramium,
Polysiphonia, and Hormophysa.
The catalog is preceded by a brief history of Philippine phycology.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the
Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Seascape along the Atlantic coast of
eastern North America.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Silva, Paul C.
Catalog of the benthic marine algae of the Philippines.
(Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences ; no. 27)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.41:27
1. Marine algae—Philippines—Bibliography. 2. Benthos—Philippines—Bibliography. I. Menez, Ernani
G. II. Moe, Richard Lee. III. Title. IV. Series. Z5356.A6S54 1987 016.589392'571 87-
600124 [QK575.P6]
Contents
Introduction 1
Acknowledgments 1
History of Philippine Phycology 2
Scope of Catalog 2
Format of Catalog 5
Catalog 7
Cyanophyceae 7
Reconciliation with the Drouetian System 15
Rhodophyceae 17
Phaeophyceae 73
Chlorophyceae 91
Records Determined Only to Genus 123
Nomenclatural Notes (by Paul C. Silva) 127
Literature Cited 132
Index 157
in
We dedicate this work to Dr. Gregorio T. Velasquez, Professor Emeritus,
University of the Philippines, devoted champion of phycology and phycologists in
the Philippines.
iv
Catalog of the Benthic Marine Algae
of the Philippines
Paul C. Silva, Ernani G. Menez,
and Richard L. Moe
Introduction
During May-June 1978 and April-May 1979, Ernani G. future exploration and research. Rather than make an
Mefiez participated in the Smithsonian Institution Philip uncritical compilation of records (such as Velasquez, Trono,
pines Expedition (SIPHILEXP), which was officially based and Doty, 1975), we decided to incorporate as much infor
at the Silliman University Marine Laboratory in Dumaguete mation as was pertinent to understanding the taxonomic
City, Negros Island. The primary objective was to collect structure and nomenclature adopted in this catalog. The
marine organisms from the Central Visayas for studies on continued relevance of this information obviously depends
taxonomy and distribution. A large collection of benthic upon the reliability of the determinations that underlie the
marine algae was obtained and subsequently studied. published records. Considering that very little critical work
In preparation for SIPHILEXP, Mefiez initiated a com has been done on Philippine marine algae, it is reasonable
pilation of the species of benthic marine algae reported to assume that a certain portion of the incorporated infor
from the Philippines and a list of references pertaining to mation will eventually prove irrelevant. Nonetheless, we
them. Because of the existence of unique phycological re believe that this catalog will facilitate and perhaps stimulate
sources in the Herbarium of the University of California at future work by pointing out geographic and taxonomic
Berkeley, specifically the Index Nominum Algarum and the areas most in need of attention. Unlike publications that
Bibliographia Phycologica Universalis (both in the form of are intended to endure like monoliths, this catalog is in
card files compiled and maintained by Paul C. Silva), he tended to become obsolete, with the rate of obsolescence
took his preliminary draft there for checking. The utility of an index of the progress in Philippine phycology. Because
collaboration was perceived and an arrangement was made tens of thousands of data are incorporated in this catalog,
whereby Mefiez would be responsible for the citations of the possibility of making errors is great, but we hope that
species while Silva would be responsible for providing the we have initiated far fewer than we have encountered in
taxonomic framework and correct nomenclature. In the the literature and corrected.
five years that have passed since the cooperative effort was ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—For assistance in obtaining copies
begun, the number of publications dealing with Philippine of pertinent literature, we are especially grateful to Ms.
seaweeds has increased markedly, and both Mefiez and Silva Hilconida Calumpong, Silliman University Marine Labora
have been involved in keeping pace with the output. In the tory, Dumaguete City, Dr. Paciente A. Cordero, Junior,
summer of 1984, Richard L. Moe was asked to join the Division of Botany, Philippine National Museum, Manila,
project, in view of his competency in word-processing and Mrs. Edna T. Fortes-Ganzon, Marine Science Institute,
broad phycological experience. University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Mr. Lawrence
The purpose of this catalog is to integrate published M. Liao, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos,
information on the taxonomy and distribution of Philippine Cebu City, and Dr. Milagrosa R. Martinez, University of
benthic marine algae and thus provide a foundation for the Philippines at Los Bafios. We are indebted to Dr.
Thomas O. Duncan, Director of the Herbarium of the
University of California at Berkeley, for his efforts in ob
Paul C. Silva, Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of California,
taining a computer system for the Herbarium and for
Berkeley, California 94720. Ernani G. Menez, Smithsonian Oceanographic
Sorting Center, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Richard L. encouraging us to use it in preparing the electronic manu
Moe, Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley,
script of this catalog.
California 94720.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES
History of Philippine Phycology to W.R. Taylor of the University of Michigan, who ulti
mately published on them (Taylor, 1966b). The all-impor
Detailed accounts of the history of Philippine phycology tant University of Michigan connection was established in
have been provided by Velasquez (1962b; 1985) and Cor 1935-1936, when H.H. Bartlett, Chairman of its Depart
dero (1972; 1977a), but it seems useful to review its most ment of Botany, was an exchange professor at the University
salient features, especially with regard to marine algae. of the Philippines (Voss, 1961). A man of wide interests and
Unlike many areas that were explored biologically by colo great energy, he made massive collections of plants, includ
nial powers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth ing many algae, throughout the archipelago. These were
centuries, the Philippines were not so favored by Spain, and sent to Ann Arbor, where the algae were studied by Taylor
the earliest information on its plants and their uses came and his students. Bartlett returned to the Philippines under
from resident Augustinian monks (M. Blanco, 1837). Un the auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture
fortunately, there are no extant specimens to document this in 1940-1941, making further collections of algae in Min
work. In October 1836, Hugh Cuming, an English natural danao. His collections have been cited in numerous papers,
ist especially interested in conchology, arrived at Manila to including Chou (1945, 1947) on Galaxaura, Gilbert (1942,
begin three years of exploration that would take him to 1943, 1947) on Chlorophyceae, Taylor (1964, 1966b) on
nearly every large island in the archipelago (Merrill, 1926). Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae, and Tseng and Gilbert
He made a small but important collection of marine algae, (1942) on Codium.
which was reported on by Montagne (1844a) and also served In the period of the Republic, Philippine phycology has
as the basis of Galaxaura fastigiata and Liagora caenomyce, come to share the dramatic surge of interest and activity in
both described by Decaisne (1842). the science that initially was centered in the industrial
During the last half of the nineteenth century, four nations. The leader and catalyst has been Gregorio T.
expeditions returned to Europe with varying amounts of Velasquez, Professor Emeritus of Botany, University of the
Philippine algae. The Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien Philippines, who received his doctorate at the University of
contributed collections made at Manila and Zamboanga in Michigan in 1939, working on the viability of algae obtained
1861 by its zoologist, Eduard von Martens; these collections from the digestive tract of a fresh-water fish. Although
were the subject of a publication by Eduard's father, Georg primarily interested in Cyanophyceae, Velasquez has had a
von Martens (1868). In 1874-1875, H.N. Moseley, the profound influence on all aspects of Philippine phycology.
naturalist of the Challenger Expedition, collected algae at The productivity of his academic offspring has created an
the Gigantes Islands (Iloilo), Mactan I. (Cebu), and Zam urgent need for this catalog.
boanga, which were recorded by Dickie (1874a, 1876a, Awareness of benthic marine algae in the Philippines has
1876b, 1877). Cesare Marcacci, lieutenant on board the been greatly heightened by the successful efforts to grow
Vettor Pisani, collected algae at Ticao Island (Masbate) and certain of them commercially (Eucheuma, Gracilaria, and
Cavite during the circumnavigation of that ship in 1884. Caulerpa). Not only has the welfare of many coastal com
They were published on by Piccone (1886, 1889). The most munities been improved, but the nation as a whole has
important expedition, by far, was the Siboga Expedition to benefited from increased exports. Most phycological publi
the Indonesian region, which made extensive collections in cations in the past two decades have been floristic, and
1899 in the Sulu Archipelago. These collections contrib critical taxonomic studies must now be given high priority.
uted significantly to monographs of Halimeda (Barton, It is essential that the rapidly accumulating information on
1901), the Codiaceae (Gepp and Gepp, 1911), and the algal ecology, physiology, and biochemistry, much of which
Corallinaceae (Foslie, 1904; Weber-van Bosse, 1904b). The is of potential economic importance, be attached to correct
entire phycological harvest of the expedition was treated by names.
Weber-van Bosse (1913a, 1921, 1923, 1928).
Scope of Catalog
In the Commonwealth period, Elmer Drew Merrill was
impartial in his messianic pursuit of Philippine botany dur To avoid the difficulty of having to assess each paper for
ing 20 years of service to the Bureau of Agriculture, the its worthiness of inclusion, we have been comprehensive
Bureau of Forestry, the Bureau of Science, and the Univer rather than selective, citing every reference to Philippine
sity of the Philippines (Quisumbing, 1957). Although pri benthic marine algae that we could find, regardless of
marily interested in vascular plants, he caused the Bureau information content. Publications dealing with biochemical,
of Science to assemble a large collection of algae. These physiological, ecological, and economic features supplement
were sent for study in 1911-1913 to M.A. Howe at the the basic core of taxonomic and morphological literature.
New York Botanical Garden and to W.A. Setchell at the Previous compilations were included. Twenty species that
University of California at Berkeley. No systematic study
were erroneously cited by Velasquez, Trono, and Doty
was made of these specimens at that time, but in 1951 the
(1975) have been omitted from this catalog. Most of these
Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae at Berkeley were loaned
erroneous records were taken from various reports of the