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Title: Cassell's Natural History, Vol. 1 (of 6)
Author: Peter Martin Duncan
James Murie
William Sweetland Dallas
Release Date: October 1, 2017 [EBook #55660]
Language: English
Character set encoding: UTF-8
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Transcriber’s Notes
This e-text is based on ‘Cassell’s Natural History, Vol. I,’ from 1896. Inconsistent and uncommon spelling and hyphenation have
been retained; punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected.
In the original book, Chapter XI of the order ‘Quadrumana’ (page 185) had been erroneously named ‘Chapter IX.’ The correct
sequence of chapter numbers has been restored.
In the List of Illustrations, some image titles do not match the illustrations presented in the text. The following titles have been
changed:
‘The Green and RedMonkeys’ → ‘The Gorilla’ (To face page 111)
‘The Sacred Baboon’ → ‘The Chimpanzee’ (To face page 137)
‘A Group of Lemuroids’ → ‘Anubis Baboon’ (To face page 211)
The list item ‘Hand of the Spider Monkey’ has been added by the transcriber.
The printed book shows some references to numbered ‘Plates’ (full-page images). This numbering scheme seems to originate from an
earlier edition. Even though the present edition shows no image numbers, all original references have been retained.
ORANG-UTAN AND CHIMPANZEES IN THE BERLIN AQUARIUM.
(From an Original Drawing.)
❏
LARGER IMAGE
CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LITH. LONDON.
BIRDS.
1. Gould’s Humming Bird (Ornismya gouldii).
2. Kingfisher. (Alcedo ispida).
3. Arctic Tern (Sterna hirundo).
4. White-bellied Swift (Cypselus melba).
5. Smew (Mercus albellus).
6. Penguin (Pygoscelis tæniata).
7. The Amazon Parrot (Chrysotis).
8. Heron (Ardea cinerea).
9. Eared Owl (Asio otus).
10. White-tailed Eagle (Haliaëtus albicilla).
11. Black-headed Gros-beak (Coccothraustes erythromelas).
12. Impeyan Pheasant (Lophophorus sclateri).
13. Common Rhea (Rhea americana).
14. Crown Pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri).
❏
LARGER IMAGE
CASSELL’S
NATURAL HISTORY
EDITED BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S.,
F.G.S.
PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN AND HONORARY FELLOW OF KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON;
CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA
VOL. I.
ILLUSTRATED
CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED
LONDON, PARIS & MELBOURNE
1896
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
APES AND MONKEYS.
PROFESSOR P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S. F.G.S., &c.
LEMURS.
J. MURIE, M.D., LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c.,
AND
PROFESSOR P. MARTIN DUNCAN.
CHIROPTERA.
W. S. DALLAS, F.L.S.
INSECTIVORA.
W. S. DALLAS, F.L.S.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
xiii
CLASS MAMMALIA.
ORDER I.—QUADRUMANA.—THE APES AND MONKEYS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION—THE MAN-SHAPED APES—THE GORILLA.
The World of Monkeys, and its Division into great Groups—Distinction between the Old World and
New World Monkeys—Classification of Monkeys—THE GORILLA, Ancient and Modern Stories
about it—Investigations of Savage and Du Chaillu—General Description—The Head, Brain,
Teeth, Taste, Smell, and Voice—The Air Sacs, and Ear—The Limbs and Muscles—Method of
Climbing—Diet—Hunting the Gorilla—Attempts to Capture Alive—A Tame Gorilla
1
CHAPTER II.
THE MAN-SHAPED APES (continued)—THE NSCHIEGO MBOUVÉ—THE KOOLO-KAMBA—THE SOKO—THE
CHIMPANZEE.
THE NSCHIEGO MBOUVÉ—Its Nests and Habits—A Specimen Shot—Differences between it and the
Gorilla—Structural Peculiarities—THE KOOLO-KAMBA—Meaning of the Name—Discovered by
Du Chaillu—Its Outward Appearance and Anatomy—THE SOKO—Discovered by Livingstone—
Hunting the Soko—THE CHIMPANZEE—In Captivity—On board Ship—A Young Chimpanzee—
The Brain and Nerves—Anatomical Peculiarities—General Remarks upon the Group
39
CHAPTER III.
THE MAN-SHAPED APES (continued)—GENUS Simia—THE ORANG-UTAN.
Origin of the Name—Description of the Orang—Rajah Brooke’s First Specimen—Mr. Wallace’s
Experiences in Mias Hunting—The Home of the Mias—A Mias at Bay—Their Nests, Habits,
Food, and Localities—Different kinds of Orangs—Structural Points—The Intelligence and
Habits of the Young—The Brain and its Case—Resemblances and Differences of Old and Young
59
CHAPTER IV.
THE MAN-SHAPED APES (concluded)—THE GIBBONS—THE SIAMANGS—THE TRUE GIBBONS.
General Characteristics of the Species—THE SIAMANG—Its Habits and Anatomy—Distinctness from
the Orangs and Gibbons—Special Peculiarities—THE WHITE-HANDED GIBBON—Where Found
—Its Cry—Its Habits—Special Anatomical Features—THE HOOLOOK—Where Found—A
Young One in Captivity—Shape of the Skull—THE WOOYEN APE—Its Appearance and Habits
—THE WOW-WOW—Very little known about it—THE AGILE GIBBON—Reason of the Name—
Peculiarities of the Anatomy—General Comparison of the Different Varieties of the Great Apes
73
CHAPTER V.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS—SEMNOPITHECUS—COLOBUS.
General Characteristics of the Monkeys of the Old World—Distinguished from the Apes by Length
of the Hinder Limbs and presence of Tails—Divided into those with and those without Cheek-
pouches—Use of the Cheek-pouches—The two Genera of Pouchless Monkeys—THE SACRED
MONKEYS, or Semnopitheci—Derivation of the Name—First Discovery—Ape Worship in India
—General Description—Limited to Asia—THE SIMPAI—Its Locality and Appearance—THE
BUDENG—Hunted for their Fur—Its Colour and Appearance—THE LONG-NOSED MONKEY—
Reason of the Name—Quaint Appearance of the Young—Anatomical Peculiarities—Their First
Appearance in Europe—Description of the Nose—Peculiar Formation of the Stomach—Bezoars
—THE HOONUMAN MONKEY—The Sacred Monkey of the Hindoos—Legends about it—THE
DOUC MONKEY—Its Appearance and Habitat—THE BLACK-LEGGED DOUC—Anatomical
Peculiarities—THE CROWNED MONKEY—THE RED MONKEY—THE SUMATRA MONKEY—THE
WHITE-BEARDED MONKEY—Found in Ceylon—Its Intelligence—THE GREAT WANDEROO—
Other Ceylonese Monkeys—THE GENUS COLOBUS, or Thumbless Monkeys—Description of the
Hand and Wrist—Different Varieties—COLOBUS VERUS—COLOBUS GUEREZA—Their Habitat and
Peculiarities—Fossil Semnopitheci
84
CHAPTER VI.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS (continued)—THE GUENONS.
THE GUENONS—Where they are Found—Early Notices of them—Resemblance to the Colobi and
Macaques—Distinctive Peculiarity of the Group—Often seen in Menageries—Their Terror of
Snakes—Peculiar Expression of the Face—Beauty of their Skins—Minor Divisions of the
Guenons—THE DIANA MONKEY—Origin of the Name—Anecdotes of their Mischief—THE
MONA MONKEY—Description of one at Paris—THE WHITE-NOSED MONKEY—Origin of the
Name—THE TALAPOIN—Anatomical Peculiarities—THE GREEN MONKEY—Found in Senegal in
abundance—THE RED-BELLIED MONKEY—THE RED MONKEY—Observed by Bruce—THE
MANGABEY—Singularity of its Appearance—Special Structural Peculiarities
103
[Pg v]
[Pg vi]
CHAPTER VII.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS (continued)—THE MACAQUES.
Their Description and Anatomy, and its reference to that of the Semnopitheci and Guenons—THE
COMMON MACAQUE—Its Character—Appropriateness of the Name—Occasionally an Albino
—THE ROUND-FACED MACAQUE—Found in China—Ideas of the Chinese about them—THE
TOQUE, OR BONNET MONKEY—THE BHUNDER—Described by Cuvier—Their Thieving
Propensities—Hindoo Tales of their Sagacity—THE MOOR MONKEY—BELANGER’S
MONKEY—THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUE—THE MAGOT—One of the Commonest Monkeys—
Described by Galen—Early Notices of—Predatory Habits—Abundant at Gibraltar—Probably
come over from Africa—Similarity to the Baboons—THE WANDEROO—Account of one in the
Zoological Society’s Collection—Geographical Range of the Macaques
114
CHAPTER VIII.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS (continued)—THE BABOONS.
Early Accounts of the Baboon—Origin of the Name—Held as Sacred by the Egyptians—Used as the
Emblem of Thoth—Brought into Europe in the Middle Ages—Their Literature—General
Description of the Family—Structural Peculiarities—Brain—Skull—Geographical Distribution
—THE SACRED BABOON—Found in Great numbers in Abyssinia—Formidable Antagonists—Size
and Colour of the Male and Female—Anecdotes—Propensity for Spirituous Liquors and
Thieving—THE GELADA BABOON—THE PIG-TAILED BABOON—Usually called Chacma—
Description of it—Its Ferocity in Captivity—Le Vaillant’s Monkey—THE SPHINX BABOON—Its
Dexterity of Aim—THE ANUBIS BABOON—Its Locality and Food—Method of Running—THE
COMMON BABOON—Often found in Captivity—Anecdotes—Anatomical Peculiarities
129
CHAPTER IX.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS (concluded)—THE BABOONS.
The Second Division of the Baboons—THE MANDRILL—Easily distinguished from the rest—Peculiar
Appearance and Colour of the Face—The Cheek-ridges—Noticed by the Ancients—Brutality of
its Disposition—“Jerry” at the Surrey Gardens—Their Wild State—Anatomical Peculiarities—
The Back-bone and Liver—THE DRILL—Distinguished from the Mandrill—Probable Antiquity of
these Baboons—Theories of their Relationship to other Animals—THE BLACK BABOON—Its
Locality and Description—Probably a Forest Ape—General Summary of the Dog-shaped
Quadrumana and Classification of the Group
154
CHAPTER X.
THE MONKEYS OF THE NEW WORLD.
THE CEBIDÆ—THE HOWLERS—THE WOOLLY MONKEYS—THE SPIDER MONKEYS—THE SAJOUS.
The Monkeys of the New World—How Distinguished from those of the Old—Their Division into
Families—The First Family, THE CEBIDÆ, with Prehensile Tails—THE HOWLERS—
Appropriateness of their Name—Where Found—General Description—THE YELLOW-TAILED
HOWLER—Anatomical Peculiarities and Appearance of the Face—Other Members of the Family
—THE BLACK HOWLER—Its Locality—THE WOOLLY MONKEYS—THE CAPARRO AND
BARRIGUDO—First noticed by Humboldt—Peculiarities of the Skeleton—THE SPIDER
MONKEYS—Seen by Humboldt in the Brazilian Forests—Remarkable Power of the Tail—
Flexibility of the Limbs—Conformation of the Brain—Other Species—THE COAITA—Curious
Stories of them in Captivity—THE CHAMECK—THE BLACK SPIDER MONKEY—Its Geographical
Range—Its Position in Sleep—THE VARIEGATED SPIDER MONKEY—THE SAJOUS—THE
CAIARÁRA—Observed by Bates on the Amazon—Other Varieties—THE BROWN SAJOU—THE
CAPUCHIN SAJOU—Described by Brehm—Their Remarkable Dexterity and Cleverness—
Diseases of Monkeys
164
CHAPTER XI.
THE CEBIDÆ (concluded)—THE SQUIRREL MONKEYS—DOUROUCOULIS—SAKIS.
General Description of the Second Division of Cebidæ—Without Prehensile Tails—THE SQUIRREL
MONKEYS—Described by Buffon and Humboldt—Peculiarities of the Species—Anecdotes by Le
Vaillant—A Tragic End—THE WIDOW MONKEY—Origin of the Name—THE ONAPPO—Its
Nocturnal Habits and Peculiar Cry—THE DOUROUCOULIS, OR OWL MONKEYS—General
Description of the Family—Peculiar Formation of the Arm-bone—THE THREE-STRIPED OWL
MONKEY—Described by Humboldt and Bates—THE RED-FOOTED DOUROUCOULI—THE
SAKIS—Remarkable Resemblance in the Face to Man—Structural Peculiarities—THE
COUXIO—THE PARAUACÚ—THE MONK—Description of the Brain—Other Varieties of the Sakis
—Anecdotes of them—THE BLACK-HEADED SAKIS—General Description
185
CHAPTER XII.
THE MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS—HAPALE—MIDAS.
The Dentition of the Genus Hapale, or the Marmosets, or Ouistitis—The Face—The Paw-like Hands
and Feet—Their Claws—The Skull and Brain, and the Nature of the Diet—THE COMMON
MARMOSET—Its Habits—THE CLOAKED MARMOSET—THE GENUS MIDAS—THE TAMARINS—
Their Dentition—THE NEGRO TAMARIN—Its Habits—MIDAS ARGENTATUM—DEVILLE’S
MIDAS—THE SILKY TAMARIN—Notes on the Arctopithecini in General
197
CHAPTER XIII.
[Pg vii]
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE MONKEYS.
The Classification of the Monkeys of the New World—The Geographical Distribution of the Genera
—The Fossil Monkeys of the New and Old World and their Alliances—The Former Old Fauna
of Europe, Asia, and Africa—The Resemblance of Monkeys to other Animals and Man
203
CHAPTER XIV.
THE LEMUROIDA.
THE GENERA INDRIS AND LEPILEMUR HAPALEMUR.
The Name of the Genus Lemur popularly given to the Group—Lemuroida the Correct Name—Their
Distinctive Characters—Their Hands and Feet—Ankle-bones—Tail—Rete Mirabile—Nostrils—
Colour of the Eye—Ears—Teeth—Brain—Resemblance to Monkeys—Their Locality—Lemur at
Liberty—Its Playfulness—Division of the Lemurs—Beauties of Madagascar—GENUS INDRIS—
Described by Grandidier—Their Locality—Colour—Fingers—Teeth—THE DIADEM INDRIS—
Specimens at the British Museum—Little known about it—THE WOOLLY LEMUR—Described by
Sonnerat—THE SHORT-TAILED INDRIS—Distinguished by its Tail—Its Skull—GENUS
LEPILEMUR—Their Teeth—Tail—THE WEASEL LEMUR—THE GREY LEMUR—Specimens
obtained by Pollen—Their Cry
210
CHAPTER XV.
THE LEMUROIDA (continued).
THE GENERA LEMUR AND CHEIROGALE.
Called by the French Makis—Restricted to Madagascar—Their Activity—Different Species—How to
Distinguish them—THE RING-TAILED LEMUR—Reason for the Name—Tail—Colour of Body—
Eye—Hand and Foot—Geographical Range—Anatomical Peculiarities—Playfulness in Captivity
—THE WHITE-FRONTED LEMUR—Specimen in the Zoological Gardens—THE LEMUR OF
MAYOTTE—Where Found—Colour—Manner of Life—THE MONGOOSE LEMUR—Description of
one sent to Buffon—THE RUFFED LEMUR—Described by Ellis—Domesticated Specimens—THE
BLACK LEMUR—Geographical Range—Hand—Foot—GENUS CHEIROGALE—Bushy Tails—
Resemblance to the Hapalemur—Nocturnal Habits—Difficult to Distinguish—THE
FORKED-CROWNED CHEIROGALE—Wonderful Powers of Leaping—Cry—Reason for the Name
—A Nest-making Variety—Specimens in the Jardin des Plantes—Resemblance to the Galagos
225
CHAPTER XVI.
THE LEMUROIDA (concluded)—THE GALAGOS.
THE GALAGOS—DEMIDOFF’S GALAGO AND THE MOUSE GALAGO—THE SENEGAL GALAGO—THE
SENNAAR GALAGO—THE MAHOLI GALAGO—THE GRAND, OR THICK-TAILED
GALAGO—MONTEIRO’S GALAGO—THE AFRICAN SLOW LEMURS—VAN BOSMAN’S
POTTO—GENUS ARCTOCEBUS, OR BEAR MONKEY TRIBE—THE ANGWÁNTIBO—THE ASIATIC
SLOW LEMUROIDS—THE SLOW LORIS—THE SLENDER LORIS—GENUS TARSIUS—THE SPECTRE
TARSIER, OR TARSIUS—THE MALMAG—GENUS CHEIROMYS—THE AYE-AYE—The Puzzle of the
Naturalists—Opinions regarding it—Specimen Examined by Owen—Feeding—Teeth—Hands—
Classification of the Lemuroida—Geographical Distribution
236
CHIROPTERA, OR WING-HANDED ANIMALS.
THE BATS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION—CLASSIFICATION OF BATS—THE FRUIT-EATING BATS.
One of Æsop’s Fables—Opinions of the Ancients regarding Bats—Scaliger’s Statement of the Puzzle
—Opinions of the Middle Ages—The True Position of the Bats—The Wing of the Bat—General
Structure: The Breast-bone, Arms, Fingers, “Wing-membrane,” Wings, Skull, Ribs, Pelvis, Legs
—In Repose—Walking—The Teats—Organs of the Senses—“Blind as a Bat”—The Eyes—
Spallanzani’s Experiments—The Bat’s Power of Directing its Flight in the Darkest Places—
Their Food—In Winter-Quarters—A Battue of Bats—FRUGIVOROUS AND INSECTIVOROUS BATS
259
CHAPTER II.
SUB-ORDER I.—MEGACHIROPTERA, OR LARGE BATS.
PTEROPIDÆ, OR FRUIT-EATING BATS.
Characteristics of Fruit-eating Bats—Distribution—Diet—Flying Fox of Ceylon: its Habits, as
described by Sir E. Tennent—The Flight of the Pteropidæ—Known to the Ancients—The Fruit
Bats in the Zoological Gardens—INDIAN FLYING FOX—Diet—Dissipated Habits—GREAT
KALONG—Linnæus’s Description—In their Dormitories—NICOBAR, MANED, JAPANESE, AND
GREY FRUIT BATS—GREY-HEADED FRUIT BAT—GOULD’S FRUIT
BAT—ROUSSETTE—EGYPTIAN FRUIT BAT—HOTTENTOT FRUIT BAT—MARITIME FRUIT
BAT—MARGINED FRUIT BAT—WHITE’S FRUIT BAT—HAMMER-HEADED BAT—HARPY
BAT—GREATER HARPY BAT—CLOAKED FRUIT BAT—DWARF LONG-TONGUED FRUIT
BAT—BLACK-CHEEKED FRUIT BAT—FIJIAN LONG-TONGUED FRUIT BAT
266
CHAPTER III.
[Pg viii]
SUB-ORDER II.—MICROCHIROPTERA, OR INSECTIVOROUS BATS.
HORSESHOE BATS AND MEGADERMS.
INSECTIVOROUS BATS—Mr. Dobson’s Objection to the Name—Characteristics—Nasal Appendages
—THE VESPERTILIONINE AND EMBALLONURINE ALLIANCES—The Fur in the two Alliances
—THE HORSESHOE BATS—General Characteristics—Distribution—Diet—Carnivorous
Propensities—GREATER HORSESHOE BAT—General Appearance—“Nose Leaves”—Habitat
—THE LESSER HORSESHOE BAT—Habitat—THE MOURNING HORSESHOE BAT—THE AUSTRALIAN
HORSESHOE BAT—THE ORANGE BAT—PHYLLORHINÆ—THE DIADEM BAT—Character of their
“Nose Leaves”—Captain Hutton’s Account of their Habits—THE PERSIAN TRIDENT BAT—THE
MEGADERMS—THE LYRE BAT—Characteristics—Called Vampire by Europeans in India—Mr.
Blyth’s Account of a Megaderm’s Blood-thirstiness—THE CORDATE LEAF BAT—THE AFRICAN
MEGADERM—THE DESERT BAT
279
CHAPTER IV.
VESPERTILIONIDÆ, OR TRUE BATS.
The Genus Vespertilio and the Family Vespertilionidæ—Characteristics: Nostrils—Tail—Ears—
Dentition—Diet—Distribution—LONG-EARED BAT—Ears—Distribution—Asleep—In Captivity
—BARBASTELLE—Characteristics—Distribution—Habits—Flight—In Captivity—BIG-EARED
BAT—TOWNSEND’S BAT—The Genus Nyctophilus—Its True Place—Characteristics
—GEOFFROY’S NYCTOPHILE—PIPISTRELLE—Distribution—Diet—NOCTULE—Natural Food—
Mr. Daniell’s Observations—SEROTINE—PARTI-COLOURED BAT—HAIRY-ARMED BAT—NEGRO
BAT—KUHL’S BAT—NILSSON’S BAT—COROMANDEL BAT—THICK-FOOTED BAT—TEMMINCK’S
BAT—WELWITSCH’S BAT—NEW ZEALAND BAT—MOUSE-COLOURED BAT—NATTERER’S
BAT—DAUBENTON’S BAT—WHISKERED BAT—BLACK AND ORANGE BAT—PAINTED
BAT—HARPY BAT—RED BAT—SCHREIBER’S BAT—BROWN PIG BAT—STRAW-COLOURED BAT
292
CHAPTER V.
EMBALLONURIDÆ, OR THICK-LEGGED BATS.
Characteristics of the Emballonuridæ, or THICK-LEGGED BATS—CUVIER’S FURY—The Genus
Saccopteryx—STRIPED SACK-WINGED BAT—The Pouch or Sac in the Wing-membrane—
Dentition—MOUNTAIN BAT—TOMB BAT—Origin of its Name—Dentition—The Peculiar Sac or
Pouch under the Chin—Other Species of the Genus (note)—EGYPTIAN RHINOPOME—Difficulty
of Assigning its True Place in the System—Characteristics—GREAT HARE-LIPPED BAT—Seba’s
Description—Linnæus’s Mistake—Dentition—Distribution—The Genus Nyctinomus—CESTONI’S
BAT—PALE CHESTNUT MASTIFF BAT—Distribution—Habits—SMOKY MASTIFF BAT—Habits
—COLLARED BAT—Hideous Ugliness—Characteristics—NEW ZEALAND SHORT-TAILED BAT—
Characteristics—Mr. Dobson on the Wing-membrane, Thumb, and Foot
312
CHAPTER VI.
PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ, OR VAMPIRES.
Distinguishing Marks of the Phyllostomidæ—Location—Diet—Blood-sucking Propensities—
Exaggerations of the Older Writers—Testimony of Azara—Darwin’s Evidence—Bat-bites—The
Witness of Bates, Wallace, Fraser, Prince Maximilian—Conclusion of the Whole Matter—The
Desmodonts and Javelin Bat—The Tongue in the Genus Phyllostoma—BLAINVILLE’S BAT—
Extraordinary Development of Face and Head—OWL-FACED BAT—JAVELIN BAT—Allied
Species—VAMPIRE BAT—Mr. Bates’ Testimony to its Inoffensiveness, and Description of its
Habits—NEUWIED’S LARGE-LEAFED BAT—GREAT-EARED LEAF BAT—SORICINE
BAT—REDMAN’S BAT—SEZEKORN’S LEAF BAT—SPECTACLED STENODERM—JAMAICAN
STENODERM—DESMODUS—Classification—Dentition—Blood-sucking Propensities—The Bites
—Stomachs of Desmodus, Frugivorous and Insectivorous Bats—Concluding Remarks
324
ORDER INSECTIVORA.
CHAPTER I.
COLUGOS—BANGSRINGS—JUMPING SHREWS—HEDGEHOGS—TANRECS—RIVER SHREWS.
Functions of the Insect-eaters in the Order of Nature—Their Leading Peculiarities—Classification
—COLUGOS—Various Opinions regarding their Place—COLUGO, OR FLYING LEMUR—The
Patagium—Parachute-like Membrane—Dentition—Offspring—Diet
—BANGSRINGS—TANA—FERRUGINOUS BANGSRING—HORSFIELD’S BANGSRING—LOW’S
PTILOCERQUE—SHORT-TAILED BANGSRING—JUMPING SHREWS—ELEPHANT
SHREW—ALGERIAN JUMPING SHREW—PETRODROME—RHYNCHOCYON—HEDGEHOG—
Characteristics—Distribution—Diet—Attacks Snakes and Vipers—Taste for Eggs and Game—
Its “Spiny Skin”—“Rolled up”—Enemies—Female and Young—LONG-EARED
HEDGEHOG—COLLARED HEDGEHOG—BULAU—TANRECS—TANREC—TENDRAC—TELFAIR’S
TENDRAC—RICE TENDRAC—EARED EARTH SHREW—AGOUTA—ALMIQUI—WEST AFRICAN
RIVER SHREW
342
CHAPTER II.
GOLDEN MOLES—MOLES—DESMANS—SHREWS.
[Pg ix]
General Description of the Golden Mole Family—Their Points of Difference from the True Mole
—THE CAPE GOLDEN MOLE—Its Varieties—The Family of True Moles—THE COMMON
MOLE—Described—Distribution—Teeth—Fore-limbs—Breast-bone—Not a Miserable Creature
—Extreme Voracity—Diet—His Blindness a Popular Error—A Thirsty Soul—His Fortress—The
Roads leading to it—Speed of a Frightened Mole—“Mole-hills”—A-wooing—His Strong Family
Affections—His Persecution a Doubtful Benefit—THE BLIND MOLE—Several Allied Species
—THE STAR-NOSED MOLE—Its Snout—THE COMMON SHREW MOLE—Other Species in the
United States—The Family of Desmans—THE DESMAN—Its Otter-like Habits—Its Trunk—THE
PYRENEAN DESMAN—THE HAIRY-TAILED MOLE-SHREW—The Family of Shrews—THE
COMMON SHREWOr Shrew-Mouse—Superstitions about it—DEKAY’S SHREW—THE GARDEN
SHREW—THE TUSCAN SHREW—THE RAT-TAILED SHREW—THE WATER SHREW—Essentially
Aquatic—Its Prey—Allied Species—THE TIBETAN WATER SHREW—THE TAILLESS SHREW—
Concluding Remarks—Classification—Distribution—Affinities
365
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Orang-utan and Chimpanzees in the Berlin Aquarium
Frontispiece.
Group of Apes and Monkeys, and a Lemur
1
American Monkey, with Prehensile Tail
2
One of the Anthropomorpha—The Chimpanzee
3
One of the Cynomorpha—The Baboon
4
Group of Lemurs
5
Foot and Hand of a Monkey—A Catarhine Monkey—A Platyrhine
Monkey—Monkey with Cheek Pouches
6
The Male Gorilla
8
Female Gorilla and Young
9
Front View of the Skull of the Gorilla
10
A Family of Gorillas
13
Face of the Gorilla
15
Palm of the Foot of Young Gorilla—Back of the Hand of Young Gorilla
16
Side View of the Skull of Gorilla
17
The Teeth of the Gorilla
20
Skeleton of the Gorilla
21
Throat of Gorilla
22
Forest in the Gaboon Country—The Land of the Gorilla
24
Bones of the Fore-arm and Arm of the Gorilla—Side View. Shoulder or
Blade-bone
25
Hand-bones of the Gorilla
28
Hunting the Gorilla
32
Bones of the Ankle and Foot of Man—Bones of the Ankle and Foot of
Gorilla
33
Young Gorilla and Dog
38
The Nschiego Mbouvé
40
Skeleton of Nschiego
41
Skull of Nschiego
42
The Koolo-Kamba
44
Portrait of a Young Soko
47
A Soko Hunt
48
The Chimpanzee
49
A Village in the Gaboon Country
52
Sick Orang-utan
53
Brain of Chimpanzee
57
Orang-utans
To face page
61
Front and Side Face of the Orang
61
The Orang at Bay
64
A Family of Orang-utans
65
The Orang and its Nest
68
A Young Orang
69
The Air Pouches of Orang—The Brain of Orang
71
Wrist-bones of Orang
72
The Siamang
73
Skeleton of the Siamang
76
Group of Siamangs and Gibbons
To face page
77
The White-handed Gibbon
77
Skull of Hoolook
79
The Hoolook
80
The Wooyen Ape
81
The Agile Gibbon
82
Jaw of the Gibbon—Back of Jaw of the Agile Gibbon
83
Face of the Black-crested Monkey
85
The Negro Monkey
88
[Pg x]
The Long-nosed Monkey
89
Young Long-nosed Monkey
90
Stomach of the Long-nosed Monkey
91
The Sumatra Monkey
92
The Douc
93
The Crowned Monkey
93
The Priamus Monkey
97
Colobus Verus
100
The Guereza
101
The Diana Monkey
104
Face of the Diana Monkey
105
The White-nosed Monkey
109
The Head and Shoulders of the Talapoin
110
The Gorilla
To face page
111
The Red-bellied Monkey
112
The Mangabey—The Foot and Hand of the Mangabey
113
The Common Macaque
116
The Toque
117
The Bhunder, and a Bonnet Monkey
120
The Moor Macaque
121
The Pig-tailed Macaque
124
The Magot
125
Wrist-bones of the Magot
126
Face of the Wanderoo
127
The Wanderoo
128
Cynocephalus
131
Judgment Scene from an Egyptian Monument
132
Baboons upon an Ant-hill
133
Brain of the Baboon
136
The Chimpanzee
To face page
137
View in Abyssinia
137
The Sacred Baboon
140
Young Hamadryas
141
A Village in Nubia
142
The Pig-tailed Baboon
145
Skull of the Chacma
147
Skull of the Anubis Baboon
149
The Anubis Baboon
152
The Common Baboon
153
The Mandrill
156
Young Mandrill
157
Skull of the Mandrill
158
The Drill
160
The Black Baboon
161
The Skeleton of the Mandrill
162
A Group of Howlers
165
Bones of the Tail of the Howler
167
Section of Head and of Air Sac of the Howler—Upper Part of Breast-
bone and Collar-bones of the Howler—Brain of the Howler
168
Yellow-tailed Howler and Young
169
The Caparro
170
Group of Spider Monkeys
To face page
173
Brain of the Spider Monkey
173
Jaw of the Spider Monkey—Hand of the Spider Monkey
174
The Coaita
176
The Chameck
177
The Black and Variegated Spider Monkeys
179
The Hooded Spider Monkey
180
The Brown Capuchin
181
The Cai
184
The Callithrix Amictus
188
[Pg xi]
Arm-bone of Owl Monkey
189
The Red-footed Douroucouli
190
Brain of Monk
192
The Monk
193
The Couxio
194
The White-headed Saki
196
The Common Marmosets
197
Hand-bones of Marmoset—Foot-bones of Marmoset
198
Deville’s Midas
201
Skull of Marmoset
202
Head of the Black Howler
205
Young Orangs
209
Anubis Baboon
To face page
211
Lemuroids at Home in Madagascar
212
Head of Indris (Propithecus) Verrauxii, to show Lemuroid Nostrils
213
Eye of Lemuroid, showing Contraction and Dilatation of Pupil—Upper
Surface Brain of Lemur Catta
214
Side View and Under Surface of the Tongue of a Lemuroid
215
Garnett’s Galago
216
Skull of Black Indris, showing Adult Dentition—Milk Dentition of Indris
219
The Diadem Indris and the Woolly Indris
220
The Black or Short-tailed Indris
221
The Weasel Lemur
224
The Grey or Broad-nosed Lemur
225
Ring-tailed Lemurs
To face page
227
The Mongoose Lemur, or Woolly Macaco
229
The Ruffed Lemur
230
Skeleton of the Ruffed Lemur
231
Head of the Black Lemur
232
The Forked-crowned Cheirogale
234
The Maholi Galago and the Senegal Galago
236
Ears of Maholi Galago, contracted and open
237
The Muscles and Tendons of the Tail of Grand Galago—Foot-bones of
Grand, or Thick-tailed Galago
238
Monteiro’s Galago
239
Palm of Hand of Garnett’s Galago—Sole of Foot, with long heel, of
Garnett’s Galago
240
The Potto in its Sleeping and Waking Attitudes
241
The Angwántibo
242
Hand and Foot of Arctocebus
243
The Slow Loris
244
Rete Mirabile—Slow Loris
245
The Slender Loris, showing its Attitudes and Habits
247
The Tarsius
249
The Aye-Aye
251
Forest Scene in Madagascar
253
Bones of the Hand and Foot of Aye-Aye
256
Skull of the Aye-Aye (side and front view)
257
Marsh Bat
258
Skeleton of the Mouse-coloured Bat
260
The Sternum of Flying Fox
261
Barbastelle Walking—Head of Long-eared Bat
263
Head of the Spectacled Vampire
264
Head of the Kalong
266
Fruit Bats of Ceylon at Home
To face page
267
Dentition of the Egyptian Fruit Bat
267
Representation of a Fruit Bat on an Egyptian Monument
269
Collared Fruit Bat with Young
270
Kalong
272
Head of the Maned Fruit Bat—Head of the Grey Fruit Bat
273
The Roussette
275
Head of the Margined Fruit Bat
276
The Hammer-headed Bat
277
Teeth of the Dwarf Long-tongued Fruit Bat
278
The Black-cheeked Fruit Bat
279
Hairs of Bats, Magnified
280
Head of the Greater Horseshoe Bat
281
The Greater Horseshoe Bat
282
Head of Lesser Horseshoe Bat
283
Head of the Mourning Horseshoe Bat
284
The Orange Bat
285
Head of the Male and Female Diadem Bat
286
Head of the Persian Trident Bat
287
Head of the Lyre Bat—Teeth of the Lyre Bat
288
Head of the Cordate Leaf Bat—Head of the African Megaderm
289
The African Megaderm—Head of the Desert Bat
290
The Desert Bat
291
Dentition of the Thick-legged Bat
292
British Bats at Home
To face page
293
Long-eared Bats in Flight
293
Long-eared Bat Sleeping
294
Head of Barbastelle
295
Ear and Head of Townsend’s Bat
296
Geoffroy’s Nyctophile
297
Pipistrelle in Flight
298
Head of Noctule
299
Head of Parti-coloured Bat
301
Head of Temminck’s Bat—Welwitsch’s Bat
303
New Zealand Bat
304
Head of Mouse-coloured Bat
305
Black and Orange Bat
307
Skull of Harpy Bat—Skull of Red Bat
309
Foot and Thumb of the Brown Pig Bat
311
Head of Straw-coloured Bat
312
Dentition of Striped Sack-winged Bat—Wing of Striped Sack-winged Bat,
from below—Arm of Striped Sack-winged Bat, from above
313
The Mountain Bat
314
Skull of Tomb Bat—Dentition of Tomb Bat
315
Head of Male and Female Long-armed Bat—Head of Male and Female
Black-bearded Bat—Skull of Rhinopome
316
Egyptian Rhinopome—Head of Great Hare-lipped Bat
317
Skull and Front Teeth of Cestoni’s Bat
318
Head of Cestoni’s Bat
319
Head of Collared Bat
321
The Collared Bat
322
Head of New Zealand Short-tailed Bat—Teeth of New Zealand Short-
tailed Bat—Thumb and Foot of New Zealand Short-tailed Bat
323
The New Zealand Short-tailed Bat
324
Skull of Javelin Bat
325
Mouth of Spectacled Stenoderm—Head of Blainville’s Bat
328
Skull and Dentition of Blainville’s Bat—Blainville’s Bat
329
Head of Owl-faced Bat
330
Head of Javelin Bat—Head of Vampire Bat
331
Head of Soricine Bat
333
Redman’s Bat
334
Skull of Desmodus
338
Desmodus
339
Stomach of Desmodus—Stomach of Long-eared Bat—Stomach of
Pteropus
340
Low’s Ptilocerque
342
Skeleton of Shrew—Dentition of Hedgehog
343
Hind Foot of Colugo—Bones of Hind Foot of Colugo
345
Lower Incisors of Colugo—Colugo
346
Skull of Colugo
347
[Pg xii]
