case studies of museums in Harar and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

172 Pages·2017·27.66 MB·English

TITLE:
Community engagement in cultural heritage
management --case studies of museums in
Harar and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia--(
Dissertation_全文 )
AUTHOR(S):
Asante, Belle
CITATION:
Asante, Belle. Community engagement in cultural heritage management --case studies of museums in Harar and Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia--. 京都大学, 2008, 博士(地域研究)
ISSUE DATE:
2008-03-24
URL:
https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k13970
RIGHT:

A Thesis Submitted for the Degree ofDoctor
of Area Studies
Community Engagement in Cultural Heritage
Management: Case Studies ofMuseums in Harar and
，
Addis AbabaEthiopia
地域住民による文化遺産管理の取り組み
ーエチオピアのハラールとアジスアベパにおける博物館活動の事例一
Belle ASANTE
March 2008
Doctor of Area Studies
A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor
of Area Studies
Community Engagement in Cultural Heritage
Management: Case Studies of Museums in Harar and ·
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Belle ASANTE
Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies
Kyoto University
March 2008
Acknowledgements
This work would not have been possible without generous funding from Japan's
Ministry of Education, Culture~ Sports, Science and Technology, Kyoto University
Foundation, the ASAP AS 21st Century COE Program, the Initiatives for Attractive
Education in Graduate Schools Program, and the ASAFA S "Formation of African
Knowledge and their Positive Practice: Area Studies Approach" Project.
I cannot overstate my gratitude for the suggestions and critiques of Dr. Masayoshi
Shigeta who has provided invaluable guidance as my supervisor. I am also indebted to
Dr. Itaru Ohta, Dr. Mitsuo Ichikawa and Dr. Makoto Kakeya, my academic advisors for
my PhD and pre-doctoral theses, for their suggestions which gave clarity to my work.
Several of my colleagues at Kyoto University have been instrumental to the
development of my research. Key assistance and academic support was rendered
especially by Dr. Daniel Baheta, Dr. Mamo Hebo, Dr. Charles Mutua, Dr. David
Mhando, Dr. Stephen Nindi, Itsushi Kawase and Futoshi Kato.
Informants and administrators in Ethiopia were crucial in my research. Grateful
acknowledgement for their patience and cooperation is given to Salahadin Ahmed,
Bahar Jibril, Abdulahi Ali Sherif, Abdulmuhaymin Abdulnassir, Enayasia Women
Weavers Association, Ahmed Zekaria, Abdulhafiz Mawi, Imran Abdullahi, Shukria
Ahmed, Muftu Zekaria, Professor Baye Yimam, Hasen Said, Dr. Theodros Atlabachew,
Abdulahi Idris Ahmed, Bedri Yousuf Limay, Abera Niguse, Ibrahim Sherif, Shekib
Ahmed and Kassahun Abate.
Exceptional appreciation is given to many friends in Ethiopia, particularly the residents
of the city of Harar who have always warmly welcomed me into their homes and shared
their stories which inspired my research. Special recognition must be given to the
families of Bakala Mohammed, Fatiya Ali, Mohammed Ibrahim, Abdi Kadir,
Alemayehu B., Mengistu Woldehanna, Ayalu A. Reda, Arif Mohammed Ahmed, Dr.
Gebre Yntiso, Mohammed Tika, and Imaj Kadir.
Many thanks is given for the encouragement provided by Ali Saheli, Dr. Steven A.
Brandt, Dr. Fumiko Ohinata, Mr. Nureldin Satti, James and Wilma Quirin, Jamie
Anderson, Masa Awaji, Kesate Berhan Mengiste, Dr. Giorgio Banti and Haria Sartori.
Finally, I am sincerely thankful for the unwavering support of my extended family:
Simone, Babe Caylor, Mia, Gianfranco, Maria Adelaide and Lorenzo.
ii
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.0 Background of study ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Objective of study ............................................................................................. 4
1.2 Theoretical considerations ............................................................................... 6
1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Contents of chapters ........................ ~ ............................................................... 12
1.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 2 Museums, vernacular arts, and communities in Africa
2.0 Conceptualizing the museum .......................................................................... 16
2.1 An introduction to museums in Africa ........................................................... 20
2.1.1 Western Influences on perceptions of African art ................................. 21
2.1.2 Emergence of museums in Africa .......................................................... 22
2.2 Recent trends in milseum collections in Africa .............................................. 24
2.2.1 Relation between museums and vernacular arts in Africa ..................... 26
2.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 3 Linking centralized politics to cultural expression in Ethiopia
3.0 Introduction to 20th century political influences on cultural expression in
Ethiopia ........................................................................................................... 30
3.0.1 Precursors to the modern Ethiopian State .............................................. 31
3.0.2 The reign of Haile Selassie 1. ................................................................. 32
3.0.3 The Derg regime .................................................................................... 35
3.0.4 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ............................................ .38
3.0.5 Summary ................................................................................................ 41
3.1 Federal custodianship of cultural heritage in national-level museums .......... .46
3.1.1 Introduction to material heritage in Ethiopia ........................................ .47
3.1.2 Custodians of cultural heritage at the nationallevel.. ............................ 50
3.1.3 The National Museum ofEthiopia. ........................................................ 55
3.1.4 Museum ofthe Institute ofEthiopian Studies ....................................... 58
3.1.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 61
Chapter 4 Local level conservation of material heritage in the museums of
Harar
4.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 66
4.1 Historical background of the city ofHarar ..................................................... 66
4.2 Local custodianship of cultural heritage in Harar ........................................... 71
4.2.1 Traditional custodians ............................................................................ 71
4.2.2 Regional administration of cultural heritage ......................................... 75
4.3 Case studies of museums in Harar .................................................................. 77
4.3.1 Introducing alliances between community groups and regional
administration ........................................................................................ 78
4.3.2 Ada Gar, the Harari Culture House ....................................................... 80
4.3.3 Harar National Museum. ........................................................................ 84
4.3.4 Sherif City Museum ............................................................................... 87
4.3.5 Rimbaud Culture Center ........................................................................ 91
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4.4 Vernacular arts in local museums ................................................................... 94
4.4.1 The collections ....................................................................................... 94
4.5 Linking past and present through community interactions with museum
collections ....................................................................................................... 99
4.5.1 Other levels of community interaction with museums: visitor statistics
and visitor response ....................................................................................... 10 1
4.6. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 10 6
Chapter 5 Conclusion and recommendations
5.0 Comparisons of national and local-level museums in Ethiopia. ................... 111
5.0.1 Differences in hisiorical foundation and administration. ..................... 111
5.0.2 Differences in museum objectives ....................................................... 112
5.0.3 Differences in funding ......................................................................... 115
5.0.4 Difference in accessibility and engagement with the wider
community ..................................................................................................... 117
5.1.5 Summary of similarities ....................................................................... 118
5 .I Conclusion .................................................................................................... 121
5.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 125
Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 132
Appendix A: Selected list of resources relating to African
museums and collections of African art
Literature ........................................................................................................ 139
Articles ........................................................................................................... 140
Declarations and statements ........................................................................... 144
Online resources ............. ;. ............................................................................. 145
Appendix B: Exemplary photographs from Ethiopian museum collections
Museums in Addis Ababa. .............................................................................. 146
Ethiopian National Museum .......................................................................... 146
IES Museum .................................................................................................. 150
Museums in Harar .......................................................................................... 153
AdaGar .......................................................................................................... 153
Harar National Museum ................................................................................. 155
Sherif Private Museum (Sherif City Museum) .............................................. 157
Rimbaud Culture Center ................................................................................ 161
iv
List of Figures
Figure 1. Federal Budget for Ministry of Social Affairs 1997/98-2005/06. ........... .40
Figure 2. Federal Budget for Culture and Sports 1997/98-2005/06 ........................ .41
Figure 3. Number of Visitors to IES Museum from Ticket Receipts ......................... 60
Figure 4. Visitors to Harar National Museum, 1995/96 - 2004/05 ......................... 10 2
Figure 5. Flow of Resources Related to Heritage Preservation in Harar's
Museums .................................................................................................... 10 7
v
List of Tables
Table 1. Number of Collected Heritage Items at the National Museum of Ethiopia, by
Object Type and Year Added to Museum Collection. .................................. 56
Table 2. Number of Visitors to the National Museum ofEthiopia. ............................ 58
Table 3. Nationality Attributed to Guestbook Entries at IES Museum between April
1999 and October 2007 ................................................................................. 61
Table 4. Number of Registered Museums, Visitors and Revenues in Ethiopia ......... 65
Table 5. Number of Heritage Objects on Display in Harar's Museums, 2005/06 ...... 82
Table 6. Guestbook Entries from the Museums of Harar ......................................... ! 03
Table 7. Entrance Fees for Museums in 2007 .......................................................... 116
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