Table Of ContentCARPENTER'S
HUMAN
NEUROANATOMY
NinthEdition
CARPENTER'S
HUMAN
NEUROANATOMY
Ninth Edition
Andre Parent, Ph.D.
Departement d' Anatomie
Faculte de Medecine
Universite Laval
Quebec, Canada
Williams & Wilkins
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1996
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Printed in t/,e United States of America
First Edition 1943
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Parent, Andre, 1944---
Human neuroanatomay / Andre Parent.-9th ed.
p.cm.
Rev. ed. of: Human neuroanatomy / Malcolm B. Carpenter, Jerome
Sutin. 8th ed. cl 983.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISB 0-683-06752-4
1. euroanatomy. I. Carpenter, Malcolm B. Human neuroanatomy.
II. Title.
ID LM: 1. Nervous System-anatomy & histology. WL 101 P228h
19951
QM451.T7 1995
611 '.8-dc20
DNLM/DL
for Library of Congress 94-40506
CIP
96
12345678910
To my late father, Lucien Parent, who, with very little means, taught me
that knowledge is our destiny.
\I
Et qua11t ii la cognoissance des fnicts de nature, je veux que tu t' y adonne curieusement: qu' ii n' y ait
111er, riviere, 11' y fo11tai11e, dont tune cognoisse /es poisso11s; tous /es oiseaux de /'air, to11s /es arbres, /es
nrbustes et fructices des forets ... Par frequente anatomies, acquiers toy parfaicte cog11oissa11ce .... Je
voye 1111 nbysme de science ... Mais science sans conscience n' est que ruine de I' dme.
Frarn;ois Rabelais, 1554
And as for knowledge of the facts of nature, I want you to devote yourself with curiosity: let there be no
sen, river nor fountain of which you do not know its fish; all the birds in the air, all the trees, nil the
shrubs n11d fruits of the forests ... By frequent dissections, acquire perfect knowledge ... I feel n well of
science ... But science without conscience is nothing but ruin of the soul.
Franc;ois Rabelais, 1554
vi
Preface
In the midst of the Decade of the Brain, attempts dated with the addition of more than 500 new
to summarize the current state of knowledge references. Most of the references to classic
about the anatomical and functional organi studies have been retained, however, largely
zation of the nervous system has become a gi because of their historical importance and
gantic task. Several thousand researchers also because they can no longer be found in
around the world are currently applying ever any current textbook. Thus, Human Neu
more powerful neurobiological tools to un roanatomy represents a unique repository of
ravel the complexities of the brain. The ap over 3000 references to both historically sig
proach is frankly multidisciplinary, involving nificant contributions and recent break
techniques that range from genetics and mol throughs in the neurosciences. Furthermore,
ecular biology to behavioral analyses and the chapters have been regrouped in distinct
neuropathology. Initiatives combining neuro sections with new subheadings that empha
sciences and informatics, such as The Human size the content and major conclusion of each
Brain Project, have helped to acquire, store, section. Over 180 new or revised illustrations
manipulate, analyze, integrate and, above all, have been added, many in the form of com
share data derived from brain and behavioral puter-generated diagrams or drawings,
experiments. The joint effort of neuroscien which students have found very useful in the
tists throughout the world has yielded a past. New sections on the molecular aspect of
wealth of knowledge whose detailed cover neuronal and glial functions have also been
age would be well beyond the scope of this added as this type of information is essential
book. This knowledge has given rise to novel to understand properly the various basic neu
concepts about neural organization and func ronal functions in both normal and pathologi
tion, and has also opened new therapeutic av cal conditions. Information concerning the lo
enues for some of the most devastating afflic calization and roles of neurotransmitters and
tions of the brain and spinal cord. In the their highly specific receptors in the nervous
nervous system, however, structural organi system has been given a high priority in this
zation is central to most functional concepts, book because a proper knowledge of chemi
and this is what this book is all about. cal anatomy has become essential to under
The Ninth Edition of Human Neuroanatomy stand the current views about neural func
is an attempt to provide medical students, as tions. Finally, an effort was made to add as
well as graduate students in neuroscience many clinical notes and functional correla
and neurology/ neurosurgery residents, with tions as possible to emphasize the importance
a general guide to the structural and func of a proper knowledge of neuroanatomy. In
tional organization of the nervous system. this context, particular attention was paid to
The book describes the major neuronal sys neuropathological studies of normal aging
tems that compose the brain, spinal cord, and versus neurodegenerative diseases, such as
peripheral nervous system in the light of the Alzheimer's, Hutington's, and Parkinson's
most recent concepts about neural organiza diseases, because these investigations have
tion. In contrast to most other neuroscience shed new light on how the nervous system
texts, where there is a clear tendency toward works in both health and disease.
reductionism, I have tried as much as possi I am immensely indebted to the previous
ble to provide more general and systematic authors who have contributed to Human
views of the organization of the nervous sys Neuroanatomy since its inception in May of
tem so as to maximally help those students 1943. Among those are Professors Adolph
with clinical concerns. Elwyn, Oliver S. Strong, Raymond Truex,
There have been major changes in both the Jerome Sutin, and, above all, Malcom B. Car
format and content of the book over the pre penter, Professor and Chairman Emeritus,
vious edition published 12 years ago. Each Department of Anatomy, F. Edward Hebert
chapter has been entirely revised and up- School of Medicine, Services University of
vii
Health Science, Bethesda, Maryland. Despite mers and are still reproduced in the present
a very active career in both research and edition of Humn11 Ne11roanatomy. The same
teaching, Dr. Carpenter has contributed sig applies to the beautiful drawings made by
nificantly to H11111n11 Ne11ron11n/0111y, which has Mr. Robert J. Desmarest who worked for
become the' most important reference book in many years in close collaboration with Dr.
the field under his expert guidance. M.B. Carpenter. Most of the new illustrations
l also want to express my deep gratitude for this edition were prepared by Mrs. Louise
to several colleagues from various American Bertrand of the Neurobiology Research Cen
and Canadian Universities, including a fair ter at Laval University. Her skill, talent, and
number of neuroscientists from the Neurobi total devotion to her work are greatly ac
ology Research Center at Laval University, knowledged.
who have generously supplied illustrations Thanks are also due to the unfailing sup
for this edition. Their names and specific con port of Mrs. Carole Emond who was respon
tributions are indicated in appropriate sec sible for many aspects of the production of
tions of the text. Thanks are also due to my this book, including the preparation of photo
graduate students: Ali Charara, Pierre-Yves graphic illustrations, proof reading and text
Cote, Luc De Bellefeuille, Celine Desjardins, scanning. 1 also acknowledge the secretarial
Lili-Naz Hazrati, Brigitte Lavoie, and Abbas help of Mrs. Suzanne Bilodeau and of my
Sadikot, from whom I borrowed various pho wife, Doris Parent. Finally, I express my deep
tomicrographs and drawings. gratitude to Williams & Wilkins and espe
Many of the superb illustrations from Pro cially to Pat Coryell and Linda Napora, for
fessor Fred A. Metler's Neuroa11ato111y, pub their patience, support, and expert handling
lished in 1948, were made by Mr. Ivan Sum- of this vast project.
viii
