Table Of ContentCardiovascular
DxnaJDies
~y_ste10
Models and Measurements
Cardiovascular
Sy_steJU D7-naJUies
Models and Measurements
Edited by
Thomas Kenner
University of Graz
Graz, Austria
Rudi Busse
University ofF reiburg
Freiburg, Germany
and
Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay
University of Graz
Graz, Austria
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Cardiovascular system dynamics.
"A satellite symposium to the 28th International Congress of Physiological
Sciences, held July 10-12, 1980, in Graz, Austria"-Verso t.p.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
l. Cardiovascular system-Congresses. I. Kenner, Thomas. II. Busse, Rudi, 1943-
III. Hinghofer-Szalkay, Helmut. IV. International Congress of Physiological
Sciences (28th : 1980 : Budapest, Hungary) [DNLM: l. Cardiovascular
system-Congresses. WG 100 C2695 1980]
QP101.2.C37 612'.1 81-5856
AACR2
ISBN 978-1-4899-6695-7 ISBN 978-1-4899-6693-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-6693-3
Proceedings of a symposium on Cardiovascular System Dynamics:
Models and Measurements, a satellite symposium to the
28th International Congress of Physiological Sciences,
held July 10-12, 1980, in Graz, Austria
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1982
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1982
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
FOREWORD
It is a great honour for me to open these Proceedings with a
few brief remarks. Our Symposium is devoted to the presentation and
discussion of modern aspects of the entire field of Circulatory
Dynamics. Thus, the program comprises the mechanical properties of
the heart pump as a whole - including valve function - and also of
the myocardial microstructure. Special reference is made to coronary
dynamics. The systemic and pulmonary vessels are treated from differ
ent ppints of view. Apart from the mechanical properties of the walls
and recent results of pressure and flow studies, several models of
the arterial system are discussed and overall arterial impedances,
with particular reference to the input impedances as connecting links
between the heart ventricles and their respective vessel systems, as
well as local arterial impedances,are considered. Special attention
is given to microvascular dynamics and to the contractile system and
the various modes of activity of the smooth musculature.
A further important section of the program deals with the
organization and control of the cardiovascular system in toto, and
of some of its subunits. New results on the effects of chemical
agents and varying oxygen supply are reported.
Each of the aforementioned sections is rounded off with contri
butions dealing with direct and indirect measuring techniques, in
cluding non-invasive methods, in particular those concerning blood
velocity, blood density, and various ways of determining stroke
volume. Considerable importance is attached to the aspects of the
applied physiology and pathophysiology pertinent to each section.
In addition, topics of clinical relevance are also discussed.
Without a doubt, the diversity of the program will appeal to
researchers in the fields of theoretical and clinical medicine as
well as biophysics and biomedical engineering.
As to the atmosphere in which the Symposium took place, I would
like to emphasize that, at Graz, the scientific soil seems to be
exceptionally fertile. The University was founded in 1586 and acquired
the Faculty of Medicine in 1863. Many highly renowned scientists have
v
vi FOREWORD
worked there including a considerable number of Nobel prize winners.
With respect to the topics of this Symposium, the pharmacologist
OTTO LOEWI (1873-1961) must be given a special mention. It was at
Graz that he discovered that the effect of the vagus nerve is trans
ferred to the heart by a chemical substance, which he first named
"Vagusstoff" • This was later identified as acetylcholine, and the
action of physostigmine was recognized as inhibiting cholinesterase.
These discoveries introduced the era of chemical transmitters. For
their outstanding work in this field, OTTO LOEWI and the English
pharmacologist Sir HENRY H. DALE were awarded the Nobel prize in
1936. Certainly the genius loci of the lovely old town of Graz with
its long tradition of art and science, had an uplifting effect on
the participants of the Symposium.
I would like to congratulate my dear friend THO~~S KENNER, head
of the Department of Physiology at Graz, on the success of the Sym
posium. I still remember with enthusiasm our colloboration, some
20 years ago, in Munich and Erlangen. THOl-~S KENNER was the initiator
of the Symposium and took upon himself the main burden of carrying
the "preload", i.e. preparing and organizing the meeting, and the
"afterload", i.e. supervising the sessions, stimulating discussion,
and performing a good many indispensable duties behind the scenes,
capably assisted by his coworker of many years,H.HINGHOFER-SZALKAY.
E.WETTERER, Erlangen
INTRODUCTION
Th. Kenner, R. Busse, H. Hinghofer-Szalkay
Physiologisches Institut der Universitat, Harrachgasse 21,
A-8010 Graz, Austria und Institut fUr Physiologie und
Kardiologie der Universitat, Waldstrasse 6, D-8520
Erlangen, Federal Republic of Germany
GENERAL REMARKS
We are not very enthusiastic introduction writers; however,
some aspects of this volume deserve and need some explanation.
The papers included in this volume were presented in Graz at
a Satellite Symposium to the 28th International Congress of
Physiological Sciences in Budapest.
Our meeting in Graz was on of the series of gatherings fol
lowing earlier meetings of the Cardiovascular System Dynamics
Society in Philadelphia (I) and Leiden (2) and following a meeting
on arterial hemodynamics in Erlangen (3) which had been organized
in honour of E. Wetterer by his friends and students.
It was a great honour and delight to take the occasion of
the International Congress as an excuse to organize a meeting of
the family of cardiovascular researchers.
SOME REMARKS ON GRAZ AND STYRIA
Graz is the capital of Styria and the second largest city of
Austria. In 1978 the 850th anniversary of the foundation of the
city was celebrated. Graz is located around a hill, Schlossberg,
which until 1810 had been barren rock and had carried a frightful
fortress as shown in the following figure. This fortress had with
stood Turkish intruders in 1532. After a rather famous siege of
the Schlossberg and a futile fight Napoleon's troops had to with
draw from Graz in 1809. After the Treaty of Vienna in 1810, the fort-
vii
viii INTRODUCTION
ress was razed and a few years afterwards trees were planted on the
hill which still cover this center of the city. Here participants of
meetings are received as guests of the Mayor of the city of Graz.
Graz has had a university since 1586. However, the medical school
was founded little more than 100 years ago in 1863. The department
of physiology has just recently moved into the new building where
the meeting took place.
Besides the part of the meeting devoted to scientific presen
tations, two further occasions of the symposium program should be
remembered and mentioned. The candle light reception of the
Governor of Styria in the castle of Eggenberg in Graz and the tour
to the wine yards of southern Styria. It is important for scientific
success to be able to continue and finish discussions and brain
storming in stimulating surroundings. We hope that these occasions
will remain in the memory of all participants of our symposium
and we expect that the results of these discussions will encourage
the reader of this volume to visit our city and our country.
ON THE SCOPE OF THE CONTENTS
It was intended to discuss all fields of cardiovascular re
search including the relation between theory and clinical practice.
Nearly all of these fields are related to the manyfold interests
INTRODUCTION ix
pursued in the department of physiology in Graz and in the depart
ment of physiology and cardiology of Erlangen.
As the list of contents shows we have tried to arrange the
papers in eleven main chapters:
I. Cardiac and myocardial dynamics
2. Optimization and organization of the cardiovascular system
3. Description and modelling of arterial hemodynamics
4. Hydrodynamics of blood flow
5. Vascular elasticity and reactivity
6. Microcirculatory dynamics and measurements
7. Problems of cardiovascular control
8. Relation between circulation and respiration
9. Development and application of special methods
IO. Pharmacological and biochemical aspects of hemodynamics
II. Clinical aspects of hemodynamics
The final chapter points to the important problems to be discussed
and solved in the near fut·ure: The assessment of the relevance of
diagnostic methods and procedures developed to be applied in
clinical medicine.
Besides these few remarks we think that there is no need for
further explanation of the texts.
We would like to express our gratitude to the Plenum Publish
ing Corporation for the suggestion to publish these proceedings as
well as for the assistance which we received during the preparation
of the book.
REFERENCES
Baan, J., Noordergraaf, A., Rainer(eds.), J., I978, Cardiovascular
System Dynamics, MIT Press Cambridge Mass.
Baan, J., Arntzenius, A. C., Yellin (eds.), E. L., 1980, Cardia!
Dynamics, Martinus Nijnhoff Publishers, The Hague, Boston,
London
Bauer, R. D., Busse (eds.), R., 1978, The arterial System, Springer
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
CONTENTS
CARDIAC & MYOCARDIAL DYNAMICS
Representation of Cardiac Pump with Special
Reference to Afterload ••••••• 1
K. Sagawa
Introduction of the Pump Equation 19
A. Noordergraaf and J. Melbin
Left Ventricular Midwall Dynamics from Surgically
Implanted Markers in Intact Unanesthetized
Man . . . . . • • • . • • • • • • . . . . • 37
N.B. Ingels, Jr., G.T. Daughters, E.B. Stinson,
and E.L. Alderman
Calculation of Flow and Pressure Curves from
the Ventricular Pressure-Volume-Time
Relationship and Load Impedance 47
H. Piene and T. Sund
Modest Influence of Velocity of Shortening
on Systolic Force in the Left Ventri
cular Free Wall .......... 57
H. Piene and J.W. Cowell
Changes in Left Ventricular Filling through
Extrasystolic Interventions ..... 61
J.H.M. Nieuwenhuijs
Stretch Induced Activation and Deactivation
in Intact Left Ventricles . . . . . 69
P. Schiereck
The Influence of the Pattern of Stimulation on
Cardiac Contractility •....•• 77
K.P. Pfeiffer, T. Kenner, J. Schaefer,
and M. Schottler
xi
