Cardiovascular pathology

983 Pages·2022·58.846 MB·English

by  Jagdish Butany (editor), L. Maximilian Buja (editor)

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CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128222249
Cardiovascular Pathology
L. Maximilian Buja, Jagdish Butany, Editors
Resources available:
The companion site for the fifth edition of Cardiovascular Pathology includes the figures and tables from the book that can be easily downloaded as
PowerPoint slides.
Let’s Chat
If you have any questions about the book’s content, you can chat with the editor using the following link:
https://www.lmbujamd.org/
Hwwowm.elm |b Luj.a Mmda.oxrigmwiwliwan.l mBbuujjaam, Md.oDrg
Dr. Buja is a physician-scientist with research interests in cell injury and cardiovascular pathology. He is an author of 490 publications in ORCID.
www.lmbujamd.org
CARDIOVASCULAR
PATHOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
Edited by
L. M B
AXIMILIAN UJA
DepartmentofPathologyandLaboratoryMedicine,TheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston(UTHealth),McGovernMedical
School,Houston,TX,UnitedStates;TexasHeartInstitute,Houston,TX,UnitedStates
J B
AGDISH UTANY
SunnybrookHealthSciencesCenter,Toronto,ON,Canada;DivisionofPathology,DepartmentofLaboratoryMedicineandPathobiology,Toronto
GeneralHospital,UniversityHealthNetwork,Toronto,ON,Canada
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Contents
List of contributors xi 4. Fundamental principles in cardiovascular
About the editors xiii genetics 123
Preface xv
MICHAELA.SEIDMANANDRICHARDN.MITCHELL
Acknowledgments xvii
Centralconceptfigure 123
Notableabbreviations 123
1. Cardiovascular pathology: guide to practice and Geneticvariation 124
training 1 Modernmoleculardiagnostics 127
Identifyingthegeneticbasisofcardiovasculardisease 141
L.MAXIMILIANBUJA,BIHONGZHAO,ANASEGURA,
Moleculardiagnosticsincardiovascularpathologypractice 143
LAURALELENWA,MICHELLEMCDONALDAND
KATARZYNAMICHAUD Summary 147
References 147
Introduction 2
Autopsy 2
Geneticsandmolecularbiology 10 5. Pathophysiology of heart failure and
Surgicalpathology 11
an overview of therapies 149
Endomyocardialbiopsy 11
Hearttransplantpathology 15 M.J.RANEK,J.M.BERTHIAUME,J.A.KIRK,R.C.LYON,F.SHEIKH,
Cardiovascularclinicaldiagnosticandimagingstudies 16 B.C.JENSEN,B.D.HOIT,JAGDISHBUTANY,M.TOLEND,
V.RAOANDM.S.WILLIS
Trainingincardiovascularpathology 17
Cardiovascularpathologistrolesasdiagnostician,teacher,
Overviewofheartfailure 150
consultant,andcareteammember 18
Clinicalpresentationanddiagnosticcriteria 151
Summary 19
Pathophysiologyofheartfailure 153
References 19
Neurohormonalalterationsinheartfailure 159
Myocardialarchitecture 171
2. Anatomic considerations and examination of Molecularresponsesandadaptationofcardiaccells 174
cardiovascular specimens (excluding devices) 27 Metabolicremodelinginheartfailure 177
Short-tointermediate-termcirculatorysupportdevices 186
JOSEPHJ.MALESZEWSKI,CHIK.LAI,VIDHYANAIRANDJOHNP.VEINOT
Conclusion 204
Grossexaminationoftheheart 28 Summary 204
Examinationofsurgicalcardiovascularspecimens 45 References 205
Microscopicexaminationofthebloodvesselsandheart 49
Genetics 78
Summary 79 6. Congenital heart disease: pathology,
References 79 natural history, and interventions 223
GIULIAOTTAVIANIANDL.MAXIMILIANBUJA
3. Age-related cardiovascular changes and diseases 85
Abbreviations 223
ATSUKOSEKIANDMICHAELC.FISHBEIN
Introduction 224
Introduction 86 Definition 224
Nonspecificcardiovascularchangesofaging 86 Epidemiology 224
Changesintheconductionsystem 94 Etiology 226
Changesinarteries 95 Embryologyofthecardiovascularsystem 229
Age-relateddiseases 98 Clinicalfeaturesandconsequences 235
Geneticandmolecularaspectsofcardiovascularaging 110 Specificformsofcongenitalheartdisease 235
Summary 113 Surgicalandnonsurgicalinterventions 254
References 114 Congenitalheartdiseaseintheadult 256
vii
viii
Contents
Naturalhistorywithoutandwithinterventions 259 10. Myocardial ischemia and its complications 407
Summary 260
GREGORYA.FISHBEIN,MICHAELC.FISHBEIN,JESSICAWANGAND
References 260
L.MAXIMILIANBUJA
Definitionandhistory 407
7. Vascular Pathobiology: Atherosclerosis and
Universaldefinitionofmyocardialinfarction 408
Large Vessel Disease 265
Clinicalmanifestations 409
Epidemiology 410
QUINNA.BONAFIGLIA,MICHELLEBENDECKANDAVRUMI.GOTLIEB
Biochemicalchangeswithischemiaand
Introductiontoatherosclerosis 265 biochemicalmarkers 411
Epidemiologyandriskfactors 266 Ultrastructuralevolutionofacuteischemicinjury 412
Grossandmicroscopicmorphologyofthefibroinflammatory Cellularandsubcellularmechanismsofmyocardialinjury 413
lipidplaque 268 Microscopicevolutionofacuteischemicinjury 415
Stepsinatheroscleroticplaqueformationandcomplications 271 Morphologyofcoronaryarteriesandplaques 419
Cellularfunctionandpathwaysinatherogenesis 276 Tako(cid:1)Tsubocardiomyopathy 420
Nonatheroscleroticdiseasesoftheaorta 293 Grossevolutionofacuteischemicinjury 421
Summary 298 Patternsofmyocardialinfarction 422
References 298 Phenomenaassociatedwithischemicinjury 423
Reperfusionofischemicmyocardium 426
Complicationsofmyocardialinfarction 427
8. Diseases of small and medium-sized blood
Recognitionandquantificationofacuteischemicinjury 432
vessels 307 Pathologyofinterventions 434
Pathophysiologicalandpharmacologicalinterventions 435
JAMESR.STONE
Geneticsandmolecularbiologyofischemicheartdisease 436
Introduction 307 Geneticsofcoronaryarterydisease 436
Vascularactivationandcommonvascularpathologicchanges 307 Molecularbiologyofcoronaryarterydisease 437
Congenitalvasculardiseases 308 Cell-basedtherapiesforischemicheartdisease 438
Geneticvasculardisorders 309 Summary 439
Endocrine/metabolicvasculardisorders 313 References 439
Vasculitis 315
Infection 324
11. Pathology of sudden death, cardiac
Toxicvasculopathies 327
Coagulopathicdisorders 327 arrhythmias, and conduction system 447
Hypertension 329
GAETANOTHIENE,S.RIZZOANDC.BASSO
Vasculardepositiondisorders 331
Intimalproliferativediseases 334 Suddendeath 447
Arterialdissections 336 Cardiacconductionsystem 493
Miscellaneousconditions 338 Atrialfibrillation 511
Disordersofveins 341 Appendixguidelinesforpostmortemstudyofsuddendeath 517
Summary 344 Acknowledgments 522
References 344 Summary 522
References 522
9. Aneurysms of the aorta: ascending, thoracic,
and abdominal and their management 353 12. Toxins and the heart 535
RENUVIRMANI,YUSATO,ATSUSHISAKAMOTO, RYANP.LAUANDMICHAELC.FISHBEIN
MARIAE.ROMEROANDJAGDISHBUTANY
Introduction 535
Introduction 353 Endocardium 536
Normalanatomyandhistologyoftheaorta 354 Myocardium 537
Agingchangesoftheaorta 355 Pericardium 541
Thoracicaorticaneurysms 355 Coronaryarteriesandischemia 542
Etiologyandpathologicfindings 360 Conductionsystem 542
Clinicalpresentationandnaturalhistory 379 Specificdrugconsiderations 543
Abdominalaorticaneurysm 379 Environmentalpollutants 548
Aorticdissection 384 Myocardialtoxinsasacauseofdeath 548
Management 391 Geneticsandmolecularbiology 549
Summary 397 Summary 549
References 397 References 550
ix
Contents
13. Myocarditis 553 17. Cardiac valve replacement and related
interventions 707
MICHAELA.SEIDMANANDBRUCEMCMANUS
JAGDISHBUTANYANDFREDJ.SCHOEN
Abbreviations 553
Definitionofmyocarditis 554 Generalconsiderations 708
Diagnosisofmyocarditis 555 Valve-relatedcomplications:clinicalimportance,
Histopathologicpatternsofmyocarditis 557 morphology,secondaryeffects,andpathogenesis 719
Etiologiesofmyocarditis 562 Othertissuevalvesubstitutes 732
Treatmentofmyocarditis 570 Transcathetervalveimplantation 736
Molecularandgenetictechnologiesandconsiderationsin Valverepairandvalvesparingprocedures 741
myocarditis 570 Newdevelopmentsandfutureconsiderations 744
Summary 571 Pathologicconsiderationsinanalysisofheartvalvesubstitutes 746
References 571 Disclosure 751
Appendix.SomeHeartvalveprosthesesapprovedbytheFDA 751
Summary 752
14. Cardiomyopathies 577
References 753
GIULIAD’AMATIANDC.GIORDANO
18. The pathology of cardiovascular interventions
Definitionandclassificationofcardiomyopathies 578
and devices for coronary artery disease, vascular
Dilatedcardiomyopathy 579
Hypertrophiccardiomyopathy 588 disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias 761
Arrhythmogeniccardiomyopathy 604
L.MAXIMILIANBUJAANDFREDJ.SCHOEN
Restrictivecardiomyopathy 613
Others 622 Introduction 762
Geneticsandmolecularbiology 625 Endovasculartherapiesandmyocardialrevascularization 762
Summary 626 Aorticandperipheralvascularreplacementandreconstruction 776
References 627 Cardiacassistandreplacement 784
Arrhythmiacontrol 787
Summary 793
15. The pericardium and its diseases 633 References 793
SUSANM.ARMSTRONG,P.THAVENDIRANATHANAND
JAGDISHBUTANY 19. Tumors of the cardiovascular system:
Normalpericardium 633 heart and blood vessels 799
Patternsofpathology 634
MARIAE.ROMERO,YUSATO,MASAYUKIMORIANDRENUVIRMANI
Diagnostictechniques 642
Majordiagnoses 643 Incidenceandclassification 799
Molecularconsiderations 657 Clinicalsymptoms 802
Summary 657 Reactivecardiacmassesandpseudotumors 802
References 658 Ectopias 806
Hamartomasandbenignneoplasms 808
Hamartomasofthecardiacmuscle 808
16. Valvular heart disease 663 Benignfattytumors 811
Benigntumorsofthemyofibroblastictissue 812
PRADEEPVAIDEESWAR,SARANYASINGARAVELAND
Miscellaneousbenignfibroustumors 813
JAGDISHBUTANY
Cardiacmyxoma 814
Introduction 663 Benignneuralneoplasms 820
Normalvalvularfunction 664 Primaryneoplasmsandgenetics 829
Valvulardysfunction 666 Metastatictumors 830
Aorticstenosis 666 Sarcomasofthegreatvessels 832
Mitralstenosis 675 Summary 837
Nonrheumaticmitralstenosis 686 References 837
Rheumaticmitralregurgitation 690
Othercausesofmitralregurgitation 691
20. Pathology of cardiac transplantation 845
Tricuspidvalvulardysfunction 694
Pulmonaryvalvulardysfunction 696 E.RENERODRIGUEZ,CELESTESANTOS-MARTINSAND
Verrucousendocarditis 697 CARMELAD.TAN
Summary 705
Generalclinicopathologicconsiderations 845
References 705
Pathologyoftheexplantedrecipientheart 847