Table Of ContentCardiovascular and
Neurovascular Imaging
Physics and Technology
Edited by
Carlo Cavedon
Azienda Ospedaliera University, Verona, Italy
Stephen Rudin
University at Buffalo, New York, USA
CRC Press
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To Ann, Cynthia, Robert, Lance, Liam, and Sylvie with love.
Stephen Rudin
To the best part of my four-people family: Elena, Caterina, and Agnese.
To my father, Giuseppe, and in memory of my mother, Caterina.
Carlo Cavedon
ix
Contents
Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
SECtion i Physical Basis and Clinical introduction
1 introduction to the Physics of Vascular imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Stephen Rudin and Carlo Cavedon
2 neurovascular imaging: State of the Art and Clinical Challenges . . . . . . . . . .7
Alberto Beltramello and Giuseppe Kenneth Ricciardi
3 Cardiovascular imaging: State of the Art and Clinical Challenges . . . . . . . . .25
Filippo Cademartiri, Cesare Mantini, and Erica Maffei
SECtion ii P hysics and technology:
Principal Applications
4 Physics and technology of X-Ray Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Stephen Rudin and Daniel R . Bednarek
5 Physics and technology of Ct Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Michael D . Silver
6 Physics and technology of MR Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
octavia Bane, Parmede Vakil and timothy J . Carroll
7 Carotid Ultrasound imaging: Physics, technology, and Applications . . . . .107
Kai Erik thomenius
8 Cardiovascular imaging with nuclear Medicine techniques . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Piotr J . Slomka, Robert deKemp, and Guido Germano
9 Morphological imaging of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
George C . Kagadis, Stavros Spiliopoulos, Konstantinos Katsanos,
Periklis Davlouros, and Dimitris Karnabatidis
x
SECtion iii Focused Applications and Dedicated
technology: Geometries, Sources,
Detectors, Advanced image
Reconstruction, and Quantitative Analysis
10 Cone-Beam Ct for Vascular imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Lei Zhu and Rebecca Fahrig
11 Digital techniques with a nonstandard Beam Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Michael Van Lysel and Michael Speidel
12 Dual-Energy and Multienergy techniques in Vascular imaging . . . . . . . . .191
Adam S . Wang, Scott S . Hsieh, and norbert J . Pelc
13 Special Detectors for Digital Angiography, Micro-Angiography,
and Micro Roi CBCt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Stephen Rudin, Amit Jain, and Daniel R . Bednarek
14 Advanced image Reconstruction in Cardiovascular imaging . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Pascal thériault-Lauzier and Guang-Hong Chen
15 Assessment of Plaque Features in Atherosclerosis: Quantification of
Coronary Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Robert C . Detrano and Sabee Molloi
SECtion iV time-Resolved imaging
16 Motion Control in Cardiovascular imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Michael Grass and Dirk Schäfer
17 time-Resolved neurovascular 2D X-Ray imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Ciprian n . ionita
18 3D Perfusion imaging in Cardiac and neurologic Applications . . . . . . . . . .293
Arundhuti Ganguly
19 Flow imaging with MRi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
M .J . negahdar, Mo Kadbi, and Amir A . Amini
20 Physics and Engineering Principles of Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Giovanni Puppini and Gabriele Meliadò
21 Computational Fluid Dynamics: Current techniques and Future
Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Juan R . Cebral
xi
SECtion V image-Guided therapeutic Procedures
22 Vascular imaging for image-Guided interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Andrew Kuhls-Gilcrist
23 Angiography for Radiosurgery and Radiation therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
Carlo Cavedon and Joseph Stancanello
SECtion Vi Dosimetry and Radiation Protection
24 Dosimetric techniques in Cardiovascular and neurovascular imaging . . .409
Daniel R . Bednarek
25 Patient Dose Control in Fluoroscopically Guided interventions . . . . . . . . . .427
Daniel R . Bednarek
26 Radiation Protection of Staff and Patients in Cardiovascular and
neurovascular imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
Renato Padovani, Madan Rehani, Eliseo Vano, and Carlo Cavedon
SECtion Vii trends
27 Current and Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459
Stephen Rudin
index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463
xiii
Series Preface
Advances in the science and technology of medical this challenge was the topic of conversation during a
imaging and radiation therapy are more profound and lunch hosted by Taylor & Francis Group involving a
rapid than ever before since their inception over a cen- group of senior medical physicists (Arthur L. Boyer,
tury ago. Further, the disciplines are increasingly cross- Joseph O. Deasy, C.M. Charlie Ma, Todd A. Pawlicki,
linked as imaging methods become more widely used to Ervin B. Podgorsak, Elke Reitzel, Anthony B. Wolbarst,
plan, guide, monitor, and assess treatments in radiation and Ellen D. Yorke). The conclusion of this discussion
therapy. Today, the technologies of medical imaging was that a book series should be launched under the
and radiation therapy are so complex and so computer Taylor & Francis Group banner, with each volume in
driven that it is difficult for the persons (physicians and the series addressing a rapidly advancing area of medi-
technologists) responsible for their clinical use to know cal imaging or radiation therapy of importance to med-
exactly what is happening at the point of care, when a ical physicists. The aim would be for each volume to
patient is being examined or treated. The persons best provide medical physicists with the information needed
equipped to understand the technologies and their to understand technologies driving a rapid advance
applications are medical physicists, and these individu- and their applications to safe and effective delivery of
als assume greater responsibilities in the clinical arena patient care.
to ensure that what is intended for the patient is actually Each volume in the series is edited by one or more
delivered in a safe and effective manner. individuals with recognized expertise in the techno-
The growing responsibilities of medical physicists logical area encompassed by the book. The editors are
in the clinical arenas of medical imaging and radiation responsible for selecting the authors of individual chap-
therapy are not without their challenges, however. Most ters and ensuring that the chapters are comprehensive
medical physicists are knowledgeable in either radia- and intelligible to someone without such expertise. The
tion therapy or medical imaging and expert in one or enthusiasm of volume editors and chapter authors has
a small number of areas within their discipline. They been gratifying and reinforces the conclusion of the
sustain their expertise in these areas by reading scien- Minneapolis luncheon that this series of books addresses
tific articles and attending scientific talks at meetings. a major need of medical physicists.
In contrast, their responsibilities increasingly extend Imaging in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy would
beyond their specific areas of expertise. To meet these not have been possible without the encouragement and
responsibilities, medical physicists periodically must support of the series manager of Taylor & Francis Group,
refresh their knowledge of advances in medical imag- Luna Han. The editors and authors, and most of all I, are
ing or radiation therapy, and they must be prepared to indebted to her steady guidance of the entire project.
function at the intersection of these two fields. How to
accomplish these objectives is a challenge. William Hendee
At the 2007 annual meeting of the American Founding series editor
Association of Physicists in Medicine in Minneapolis, Rochester, Minnesota
xv
Preface
The physics and technology underpinning vascular new to the field and who wish to benefit from a com-
imaging is a specialized yet interdisciplinary branch prehensive resource on the subject, other professionals
of medical imaging. The physics of cardiovascular and should find the book useful as well. These might include
neurovascular imaging includes principles of image physicians who perform cardiovascular and neurovas-
formation and analysis, and aspects related to image cular imaging procedures but may be interested in going
quality, accuracy of the information achievable and more thoroughly into the underlying physics and tech-
hence of the related medical procedures, and the safety nology of the various imaging modalities involved with
of patients and operators. It is uncommon for a stu- an up-to-date picture of the safety aspects of their work.
dent or professional in this field to find comprehensive The text is divided into seven major sections, start-
information gathered together in a single source—book, ing with an introductory overview. The next five core
review article, or other publication—rather than scat- sections are devoted to the main technologies, special
tered throughout scientific papers each quite different in applications, time-resolved techniques, image-guided
nature. This book is aimed at providing, from a physi- therapy, and dosimetry plus radiation safety aspects. The
cist’s standpoint, a single source for individuals who final section provides some perspectives on current and
specialize in cardiovascular and neurovascular imaging future trends. Not only each section but also each chap-
with an attempt to find a convenient balance between ter is self-contained in order to provide the reader with
up-to-date material and an overall summary. It is the a reference-like textbook that does not require previ-
editors’ intent that this should become a useful single ous knowledge of other material. Authors were selected
source for students, professionals, and researchers. from among the major experts in the field in order to
Although this book is intended primarily for physi- provide the reader with a comprehensive picture from
cists and biomedical engineers who may be relatively the academic, clinical, and industrial points of view.
