Cardiac Arrhythmias, Pacing and Sudden Death

311 Pages·2018·22.17 MB·English

by  Peter Kowey

Cardiovascular Medicine
Peter Kowey
Jonathan P. Piccini
Gerald Naccarelli
James A. Reiffel Editors
Cardiac
Arrhythmias,
Pacing and Sudden
Death
Cardiovascular Medicine
Series Editor
James T. Willerson
MC 3-116
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, Texas, USA
Cardiovascular Medicine will offer today's most up-to-date, user-friendly guidance on the
evaluation, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of heart and vascular disease and will
be on the wish list for every trainee and practising cardiologist, cardiac surgeon, vascular
surgeon, diabetologist, cardiac radiologist and any physician who manages cardiac patients.
The book and online package is dedicated to providing comprehensive coverage of every aspect
of cardiovascular medicine from cardiac signs and symptoms through peripheral vascular
disease and the genetic basis for cardiovascular disease to preventive cardiology. The Editors –
and over 150 world authorities – will offer their decades of scientific and clinical experience.
A major selling point will be the consistent chapter organization, clear design, and engaging
text that includes user-friendly features such as tables, lists and treatment boxes. The reader will
have all the guidance to diagnose and manage a full range of conditions in a series of textbook
resources, while also having access to additional video material. More than 1600 illustrations
over the eight volumes – including a wealth of color Doppler, nuclear imaging, surgical and
pathological images – clarify complex principles and help in the understanding of the subtleties
of technique and their application, so that they can be implemented in your practice. The eight
volumes of Cardiovascular Medicine, 4th Edition will be the premier resource of its kind,
which will advance readers’ knowledge and stimulate further study in cardiovascular medicine.
Each volume is designed as firstly as a standalone reference in its subject, breaking the field of
cardiology down into logical learning modules.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10474
Peter Kowey • Jonathan P. Piccini
Gerald Naccarelli • James A. Reiffel
Editors
Cardiac Arrhythmias, Pacing
and Sudden Death
Editors
Peter Kowey, MD Jonathan P. Piccini, MD, MHS, FACC, FAHA,
Lankenau Heart Institute and Jefferson FHRS
Medical College Associate Professor of Medicine
Philadelphia Duke University Medical Center
PA Duke Clinical Research Institute
USA Durham
NC
Gerald Naccarelli, MD USA
Bernard Trabin Chair in Cardiology
Professor of Medicine James A. Reiffel, MD
Chief, Division of Cardiology Professor Emeritus of Medicine
Associate Clinical Director Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology,
Heart and Vascular Institute Section of Electrophysiology
Penn State University College of Medicine Columbia University
Hershey New York
Pennsylvania USA
USA
ISSN 2363-5053 ISSN 2363-5061 (electronic)
Cardiovascular Medicine
ISBN 978-3-319-57998-6 ISBN 978-3-319-58000-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-58000-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951647
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed
to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
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Printed on acid-free paper
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The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
The editors would like to dedicate this book to our families, who patiently
endure our absence and our distractions on a daily basis, and our patients,
whose courage and perseverance inspire us to find ever better ways to
diagnose and treat the difficult diseases that afflict them.
Foreword
When Dr. Willerson contacted us to assess our interest in editing an electrophysiology book for
his highly successful cardiology series, we will admit that we were in a quandary. On one
hand, we were flattered to have been asked, and eager to join an assembly of renowned con-
tributors enlisted by Dr. Willerson in other areas of cardiovascular medicine. And how to say
no to one of the most distinguished cardiology educators of all time? On the other hand, of
textbooks there may never be an end, and in this modern day, what value might another tome
have over data sources that are continuously streamed and updated?
After some serious reflection, we decided to go forward but only if we could attract what
we deemed to be the most knowledgeable and accomplished faculty on the planet. The conun-
drum, or course, was that these people are enormously busy and overworked, and so the idea
of taking on another task, no matter how dear the friendship of the editors, would not be espe-
cially appealing. Thus, we were astounded when every one of our first choices for each chapter
agreed to contribute. As you can see, the table of contents is literally a Who’s Who of modern
electrophysiology and arrhythmology. As an added feature, several of the authors elected to
enlist a junior faculty member or senior fellow to co-author, providing the richest of learning
opportunities for those fortunate trainees.
The book itself was carefully structured to allow an individual, at virtually any level of
training, to find information to their needs and liking. We start with topics in basic electro-
physiology and move through diagnostic and treatment methods, finally focusing on specific
arrhythmia syndromes before concluding with the particularly thorny issue of special popula-
tions. In each chapter, the authors have provided conceptual material, followed by practical
information upon which treatment decisions can be firmly based. We know that the book’s
organization has introduced a certain element of duplication, but as the Latin proverb pro-
claims, repetition est mater studiorum. Plus, garnering diverse opinions about important topics
provides an added and unique perspective for the reader.
We were also concerned that the time it might take to produce a conventional textbook
might render some portion of its contents obsolete, especially given the warp speed at which
our specialty evolves. We needn’t have worried. Our authors, sitting at the very cutting edge of
science, nicely anticipated trends and advances and have, in each chapter, provided a perspec-
tive that is topical and enduring.
Thus, our decision to move ahead with this textbook was, in retrospect, a sound one. We
believe that the information provided herein will be of immense benefit to those who seek to
learn the craft of caring for patients with any form of cardiac arrhythmia. We thank Dr.
Willerson and the publisher’s staff for their help in bringing forward a textbook of which we
are quite proud.
vii
Contents
1 Basic Electrophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Victoria M. Robinson and Stanley Nattel
2 Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Alexander Burashnikov and Charles Antzelevitch
3 Genomics of Cardiac Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Dan M. Roden and M. Benjamin Shoemaker
4 Channelopathies: Clinical Presentation and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
J. Martijn Bos and Michael J. Ackerman
5 Extended ECG Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Christian Steinberg, Matthew T. Bennett, and Andrew D. Krahn
6 Sudden Cardiac Death: Methods of Risk Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
John Alvin Gayee Kpaeyeh Jr., Dean M. Abtahi, and Michael R. Gold
7 Electrophysiologic Testing and Cardiac Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Jackson J. Liang and David J. Callans
8 Antiarrhythmic Drug Management of Atrial Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
A. John Camm and Irina Savelieva
9 Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Keitaro Senoo and Gregory Y. H. Lip
10 Cardiac Pacemakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Jose F. Huizar and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen
11 Implantable and Wearable Defibrillator Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Samir Saba and N. A. Mark Estes
12 Atrial Fibrillation Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Abhishek J. Deshmukh and Douglas L. Packer
13 Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Samuel H. Baldinger, Usha B. Tedrow, and William G. Stevenson
14 Supraventricular Tachycardia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Ramanan Kumareswaran and Paul Dorian
15 Clinical Management of Atrial Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
E. Kevin Heist, Moussa Mansour, and Jeremy N. Ruskin
16 Ventricular Tachycardia and Fibrillation in Patients with Structural
Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Raul D. Mitrani and Robert J. Myerburg
ix
x Contents
17 V entricular Arrhythmias in the Absence of Structural Heart Disease . . . . . . . . 205
Juan Acosta and Josep Brugada
18 Bradyarrhythmias/Heart Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
L. Brent Mitchell
19 Syncope and Risk of Sudden Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Wayne O. Adkisson, Balaji Krishnan, and David G. Benditt
20 Management of Ventricular Arrhtyhmias in Nonischemic
Cardiomyopathic Syndromes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Abhishek J. Deshmukh and Bernard J. Gersh
21 Arrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Edward P. Walsh
22 Arrhythmias in Special Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Paul J. Wang and Winston B. Joe
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Contributors
Dean M. Abtahi, M.D. Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina,
Charleston, SC, USA
Michael J. Ackerman, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of
Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith
Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Juan Acosta, M.D. Arrhythmia Section, Cardiology Department, Thorax Institute, Hospital
Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
Wayne O. Adkisson, M.D. Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of
Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Charles Antzelevitch, Ph.D. Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA,
USA
Samuel H. Baldinger, M.D. Cardiovascular Department, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, MA, USA
David G. Benditt, B.Sc., E.E., M.D. University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis,
MN, USA
Matthew Bennett, M.D. UBC Division of Cardiology, Vancouver General Hospital,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
J. Martijn Bos, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and
Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental, Mayo Clinic Windland Smith
Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Josep Brugada, M.D., Ph.D. Arrhythmia Section, Cardiology Department, Thorax Institute,
Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
Alexander Burashnikov, Ph.D. Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Cardiovascular
Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
David J. Callans, M.D. Electrophysiology Section, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Alan John Camm, M.D., F.R.C.P. Clinical Sciences Division, St George’s University of
London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
Abhishek Deshmuhk, M.D. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal
Medicine, Mayo Clinic—St. Mary’s Campus, Rochester, MN, USA
xi