Cardamom: The Genus Elettaria (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

384 Pages·2002·11.44 MB·English

by  P. N. Ravindran

Cardamom
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Industrial Profiles
Individual volumes in this series provide both industry and academia with in-depth coverage of
one major medicinal or aromatic plant of industrial importance.
Edited by Dr Roland Hardman
Volume 1
Valerian, edited by Peter J. Houghton
Volume 2
Perilla, edited by He-ci Yu, Kenichi Kosuna and Megumi Haga
Volume 3
Poppy, edited by Jenö Bernáth
Volume 4
Cannabis, edited by David T. Brown
Volume 5
Neem, edited by H.S. Puri
Volume 6
Ergot, edited by Vladimír Kˇren and Ladislav Cvak
Volume 7
Caraway, edited by Éva Németh
Volume 8
Saffron, edited by Moshe Negbi
Volume 9
Tea Tree, edited by Ian Southwell and Robert Lowe
Volume 10
Basil, edited by Raimo Hiltunen and Yvonne Holm
Volume 11
Fenugreek, edited by Georgios Petropoulos
Volume 12
Gingko biloba, edited by Teris A. Van Beek
Volume 13
Black Pepper, edited by P.N. Ravindran
Volume 14
Sage, edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios
Volume 15
Ginseng, edited by W.E. Court
Volume 16
Mistletoe, edited by Arndt Büssing
(Continued)
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
(Continued)
Volume 17
Tea, edited by Yong-su Zhen
Volume 18
Artemisia, edited by Colin W. Wright
Volume 19
Stevia, edited by A. Douglas Kinghorn
Volume 20
Vetiveria, edited by Massimo Maffei
Volume 21
Narcissus and Daffodil, edited by Gordon R. Hanks
Volume 22
Eucalyptus, edited by John J.W. Coppen
Volume 23
Pueraria, edited by Wing Ming Keung
Volume 24
Thyme, edited by E. Stahl-Biskup and F. Sáez
Volume 25
Oregano, edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios
Volume 26
Citrus, edited by Giovanni Dugo and Angelo Di Giacomo
Volume 27
Geranium and Pelargonium, edited by Maria Lis-Balchin
Volume 28
Magnolia, edited by Satyajit D. Sarker and Yuji Maruyama
Volume 29
Lavender, edited by Maria Lis-Balchin
Volume 30
Cardamom, edited by P.N. Ravindran and K.J. Madhusoodanan
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
Cardamom
The genus Elettaria
Edited by
P.N. Ravindran
Indian Institute of Spices Research,
Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala, India
and
K.J. Madhusoodanan
Indian Cardamom Research Institute,
Myladumpara, Kerala, India
London and New York
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
First published 2002
by Taylor & Francis
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis Inc,
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information
in this book is true and accurate at the time of going to press. However,
neither the publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility
or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In the case of
drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical
equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to
consult the manufacturer’s guidelines.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-21663-6 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-27280-3 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0–415–28493–7 (Print Edition)
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
Dedicated to
Prof. K.L. Chadha
National Professor (Horticulture) &
Former Deputy Director General (Hort.), ICAR
A visionary, whose untiring efforts led to the documentation of
horticultural research accomplishments in India;
An administrator par excellence;
A person of rare distinction, a pathfinder, whose footsteps will
remain imprinted in the portals of Indian Horticulture.
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
Contents
List of contributors ix
Preface to the series xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 Introduction 1
P.N. RAVINDRAN
2 Botany, crop improvement and biotechnology of cardamom 11
K.J. MADHUSOODANAN, K. PRADIP KUMAR AND P.N. RAVINDRAN
3 Chemistry of cardamom 69
T. JOHN ZACHARIAH
4 Agronomy and management of cardamom 91
V.S. KORIKANTHIMATH
5 Nutrition of cardamom 129
V. KRISHNAKUMAR AND S.N. POTTY
6 Viral diseases of cardamom 143
M.N. VENUGOPAL
7 Diseases of cardamom (fungal, bacterial and nematode diseases) 160
JOSEPH THOMAS AND R. SUSEELA BHAI
8 Insect pests of cardamom 180
B. GOPAKUMAR AND S.S. CHANDRASEKAR
9Harvesting and processing of cardamom207
T. JOHN ZACHARIAH AND V.S. KORIKANTHIMATH
10 Industrial processing and products of cardamom 223
N. KRISHNAMURTHY AND S.R. SAMPATHU
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
viii Contents
11 Cardamom economy 245
M.S. MADAN
12 Properties and end-uses of cardamom 269
K.K. VIJAYAN, K.J. MADHUSOODANAN, V.V. RADHAKRISHNAN
AND P.N. RAVINDRAN
13 Cardamom – future vision 284
C.K. GEORGE
14 Yield gaps and production constraints in cardamom 291
P.N. RAVINDRAN AND P. RAJEEV
15 Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) 299
S. VARADARASAN AND A.K. BISWAS
16 False cardamoms 330
P.N. RAVINDRAN, M. SHYLAJA AND K. NIRMAL BABU
Appendix 1: Specification for cardamom 341
Appendix 2: Selected recipes 348
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
Contributors
Dr K. Nirmal Babu Dr V. Krishnakumar
Senior Scientist (Biotechnology) Senior Scientist (Agronomy)
Indian Institute of Spices Research Indian Cardamom Research Institute
P. Box No. 1701, Calicut-673 012 Myladumpara, Kailasanadu-685 553
Kerala, India Idukki Dist., Kerala, India
[P.a: Senior Scientist
Dr A.K. Biswas
Central Plantation Crops Research
Scientist (Botany)
Institute
ICRI Regional Station
Kasaragod-670 124, Kerala, India]
Gangtok-735 102
Sikkim, India
Dr N. Krishnamurthy
Dr S.S. Chandrasekar Deputy Director & Head
Scientist (Entomology) Division of Food Processing
ICRI Regional Research Station Central Food Technological
Donigal, Sakleshpur-573 134 Research Institute
Hassan Dist., Karnataka, India Mysore-570 013
Karnataka State, India
Dr C.K. George
Advisor
Dr K. Pradip Kumar
Peermade Development Society
Scientist (Botany)
P. Box No. 11, Peermade-685 531
Indian Cardamom Research Institute
Idukki Dist., Kerala, India
Myladumpara
Kailasanadu-685 553
Dr B. Gopakumar
Idukki Dist., Kerala, India
Senior Scientist (Entomology)
Indian Cardamom Research Institute
Dr M.S. Madan
Regional Station
Senior Scientist (Economics)
Thadiyankudisai-624 212
Indian Institute of Spices Research
Tamil Nadu
P. Box No. 1701
Dr V.S. Korikanthimath Calicut-673 012
Principal Scientist Kerala, India
IISR Cardamom Research Centre
Madikeri-571 201, Appangala Dr K.J. Madhusoodanan
Kodagu, Karnataka, India Project Officer
[P.a: Director, ICAR Research Complex Indian Cardamom Research Institute
for Goa, Ela, Old Goa, 403 402 Myladumpara, Kailasanadu-685 553
Goa, India] Idukki Dist., Kerala, India
© 2002 Taylor & Francis