Table Of ContentGreen Energy and Technology
Malti Goel
M. Sudhakar Editors
Carbon
Utilization
Applications for the Energy Industry
Green Energy and Technology
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059
Malti Goel M. Sudhakar
(cid:129)
Editors
Carbon Utilization
Applications for the Energy Industry
123
Editors
MaltiGoel M.Sudhakar
Climate Change ResearchInstitute CMLRE
NewDelhi Kochi
India India
ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)
Green Energy andTechnology
ISBN978-981-10-3351-3 ISBN978-981-10-3352-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3352-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016962047
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This book is dedicated to Dr. Vasant
R. Gowariker Eminent Space Scientist and
Great Mentor
Foreword
The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment of 2014
(AR5) suggests that the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are
approaching 400 ppm, against the pre-industrial value of 280 ppm. A safe limit of
450ppmhasbeensetfortheyear2050toprotecttheplanetEarthfromanyclimatic
disasters. With the growing threat of climate change resulting from increasing
accumulation of CO -eq gases, CO -sequestration technology is seen as an assur-
2 2
ance for continuation offossil fuels use, especially coal in the energy sector.
To do this we must have adequate research and policy infrastructure that can
help in testing CO sequestration and utilization options. When Dr. (Mrs) Malti
2
Goel, who was Adviser in the Department of Science & Technology, Government
of India approached me to inaugurate the five-day training workshop on carbon
capture, storage and utilization, organized by Climate Change Research Institute, I
readilyagreed. Sheisthefounder oftheinstitute.Ihavestrongly felt thatwe need
toestablishapilot-scalefacilityonCO capturetotestalltheresearchresultsfrom
2
chemical and physical processes at one place in the country. Our laboratory at
CSIR-IndianInstituteofPetroleum,Dehradun,aswellasotherinstitutionsinIndia
has reported exciting results from the research carried out and such a facility will
help in upgrading our research output.
I am happy that the book Carbon Utilization: Applications for the Energy
Industry edited by Malti Goel and M. Sudhaker has come out as an enthusiastic
directiveforresearchinterrestrialandbio-sequestrationoptionsandCO utilization
2
asalowcarbongrowthstrategyfortheindustry.Thereisawidecoverageoftopics
in the 19 chapters of the book. New applications for the aluminum, steel, cement
andfertilizersindustriesareincorporated.Althoughthesetopicsmayrepresentonly
a small segment of many possibilities that exist, they amply illustrate the impor-
tanceofCO utilizationresearchandthewaythisfieldisadvancingglobally.Iam
2
sure that the readers will get an insight into perspectives of this emerging research
area of energy technology.
Indeed bridging the gap between research and industry in CO utilization is a
2
fundamental challenge, which the scientific community must face. In this context
vii
viii Foreword
the book should serve as a valuable knowledge bank to help policy makers, sci-
entists, researchers and professors. I would be a medium for sharing novel ideas
with industry as well as for induction of new coordinated research. I am glad that
Springer is bringing out this under their Green Energy and Technology series.
Dr. Madhukar O. Garg, Ph.D., FNAE
Head, Automotive Fuels & Lubricants Application Division &
Director’s Research Division; Former Director General, Council
for Scientific & Industrial Research
Preface
For a successful technology, reality must take
precedence over public relation, for nature cannot be
fooled.
—Richard Feynman, 1986
It is well known that the atmospheric carbon dioxide cycle (carbon cycle in short)
has a vital role in maintaining the earth’s dynamic system, components of that act
on different time scales varying from less than a second to hundreds of years.
IncreasinglyCO isbeingaddedintheatmospherefromgrowinguseofenergyand
2
itsgenerationfromfossilfuelcombustion.Thisisaffectingthenaturalcarboncycle,
resultingintheglobalwarmingthreatandclimatechange.Thus,themotivationfor
capturing carbon dioxide and storage comes from developing ways to remove
excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for climate control.
Thegeo-engineeringapproachtoclimatechangemitigationcomprises‘removal
ofcarbondioxide’fromtheatmosphereaswellas‘managementofsolarradiation’
forcontrollingtheglobalwarming.Themechanicsofreflectingpartoftheradiation
backtospacetherebypreventingittoentertheearth’satmosphereisbeingworked
out for the management of solar radiation. In this book we are focusing on carbon
dioxide removal (CDR) processes. Sequestration of carbon dioxide by capture and
storageorutilizationintovalue-addedproductsandenergyfuelsremainsoneofthe
mostresearchedoptionsfor removalofexcesscarbon dioxidegetting accumulated
in the atmosphere.
The book ‘Carbon Utilization—Applications for the Energy Industry’ is the
outcome of a capacity-building event held in India. It has appealing coverage of
environment and engineering disciplines, viz. CO abatement and utilization, CO
2 2
management in the industry towards a low carbon growth, CO terrestrial
2
sequestrationandbioticoptionsamongothers,forreducingcarbonfootprintsinthe
atmosphere.
ix
x Preface
Scope
The book on carbon utilization incorporated invited lectures delivered at the
workshop on awareness and capacity building, Carbon Capture, Storage and
Utilization:TowardslowcarbongrowthStrategy,heldinNewDelhifromJuly27–
31, 2015. Topics that could not be presented in the workshop, but proposed, are
also included. The workshop was held by Climate Change Research Institute to
highlight Indian contribution and has provided multidisciplinary perspectives for
academic exchange of current research in the field of anthropogenic CO seques-
2
tration and utilization as well as its application.
Althoughinamajorpolicyshift,Indiahassetanationaltargetofachieving175
GWinstalledelectricitycapacityfromrenewableenergysourcesby2022withsolar
energy having a major share of 100 GW, coal has been the backbone of India’s
electricity.Indiaisthethirdlargestproducerandconsumerofcoalintheworldand
it is anticipated that coal continues to be dominant fuel in the coming decades for
achieving the energy security. Yet we do not know how the coal use will take
shape.Adoptionofcleancoaltechnologiesandcarbonsequestrationasend-of-pipe
solution provide low carbon pathways. Environment cess of INR 400 per tonne of
coal use has been implemented as a policy imperative. A few questions therefore
arise: whether to target use of renewable energy as the source of entire electricity
(which would require huge investment), or to continue using fossil fuels and
convert captured CO to chemicals/fuels/plastics as it would make use of existing
2
infrastructure to great extent? At the same time, what new conversion processes
become possible in future with minimum energy consumption? Can we think of
conversionofcapturedCO directlyintoelectricityinanelectrochemicalcellorits
2
conversion to graphene which could eventually replace silicon chip? The solution
of these would emerge with the application of science and technology to carbon
captureandutilization.Thepossibilitiesareimmense,acollectionofstate-of-the-art
scientific reviews and research perspectives on carbon management strategies of
relevance to the energy industry are presented in the book.
Already CO sequestration and utilization are on the research agenda globally.
2
National governments are investing heavily in carbon capture and utilization
(CCU)researchandtherearesignificantongoingresearchprogrammesworldwide.
InnovationsaretakingplaceandreuseofwasteCO intovaluableproductsisseen
2
as not only environment savior, but also a step towards circular economy.
EconomicsofCO utilizationwouldsucceedinforeseeablefuturedependingupon
2
the purity and process used.
In the post-Kyoto phase, international protocols such as Paris Agreement on
Climate Change have been signed by 175 countries (including European Union as
one) in the 21st Conference of Parties meeting of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) during December 2015. This protocol
alongwithUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)adoptedinSeptember2015
giveampleevidenceofCO sequestrationlinkagesasalowcarbongrowthbusiness
2
strategy.
