Table Of ContentCARBON NANOMATERIALS
© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Advanced Materials Series
Series Editor:
Yury Gogotsi, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
series includes:
Carbon Nanomaterials
Yury Gogotsi
Nanotubes and Nanofibers
Yury Gogotsi
© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
CARBON NANOMATERIALS
Edited By
Yury Gogotsi
Drexel University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Boca Raton London NewYork
CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
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© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
This material was previously published in the Nanomaterials Handbook © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-9386-8 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carbon nanomaterials / Yury Gogotsi, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-9386-8 (978-0-8493-9386-0 : alk. paper)
1. Nanostructured materials. 2. Carbon. I. Gogotsi, IU. G., 1961-
TA418.9.N35C34 2006
620’.5--dc22 2006012298
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© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
This book is dedicated to my children, Pavel and Natalie,
who have always served as a source of my inspiration.
© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Preface
Nanomaterials, which are materials with structural units on a nanometer scale in at least one direc-
tion, is the fastest growing area in materials science and engineering. Material properties become
different on the nanoscale:for example,the theoretical strength of materials can be reached or quan-
tum effects may appear. Carbon is as important for nanotechnology as silicon is for electronics,and
certainly carbon nanomaterials deserve a separate book. I realized the need for such a book when I
started to offer a graduate course on nanostructured carbon materials at Drexel University. I have
taught it three times since 2002, and had to use handouts because Hugh O. Pierson's Handbook of
Carbon, Graphite, Diamond and Fullerenes provides only a basic coverage of traditional carbon
materials and its fullerene chapter is short and dated. While separate books have been written on
carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, there is no single volume covering all nanostructured carbons,
such as nanodiamonds, fullerenes, nanotubes, nanofibers, cones, and whiskers.
Carbon nanotubes, whiskers, and nanofibers are not only excellent tools for studying one-
dimensional phenomena, but they are also among the most important and promising nanomaterials
and nanostructures. The role of nanomaterials in industries is growing. Nanofibers are already used
for insulation and reinforcement of composites, and many materials and structures incorporating
nanotubes are under development. Extensions to conical and rod-like or wire-like structures provide
the scope for new discoveries and novel applications. We may find ourselves in the carbon age
within less than a decade.
This book describes a large variety of carbon nanomaterials, including fullerenes, nanotubes,
whiskers,cones,and nanodiamonds. They include the hardest material known (diamond) and some of
the softest (graphite and fullerene crystals). There are semiconductors, metals, and dielectrics among
carbons; moreover, the band gap of semiconducting nanotubes can be tuned by changing the tube
diameter. Carbons can be transparent or opaque, and their surfaces may be passive (basal planes of
graphite) or chemically active (edge planes of graphite). Thus, virtually any combination of mechan-
ical, electrical, or chemical properties can be achieved by using carbon and controlling its structure
and surface chemistry. Some of the more conventional and well known carbon nanomaterials,such as
soot, carbon black, or intercalated graphite, have not been included in this book. Carbon nanotubes
(Chapters2and3)receivespecialattentioninthisbook,becausetheyhavebeenreceivingmoreatten-
tion than any other nanomaterials. Sumio Iijima's discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991 stimulated
the development of the whole nanotechnology field. A dramatic progress in synthesis and purifica-
tion of nanotubes has been achieved and many applications are emerging.After carbon, many other
materials have been produced in the tubular shape with nanometer diameters.
Designed specifically to provide an overview of carbon nanomaterials for today's scientists,
graduate students, and engineering professionals; this book will treat the subject using the terms
familiar to a materials scientist or engineer. The book consists of nine chapters selected from the
recently published Nanomaterials Handbook and written by the leading researchers in the field.
Providing coverage of the latest material developments in the United States,Asia, and Europe, it
describes both commercially available and emerging materials. While this book is written as a ref-
erence book for specialists working in the field, it also provides a sufficiently broad coverage of
all carbon nanomaterials and can be used as a textbook for teaching a graduate course on carbon
nanomaterials.
© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Finally, I would like to acknowledge all the people who have helped make this book possible.
My family was very patient and understanding,and my students and post-docs did a great job allow-
ing me to concentrate on the book project. My research on carbon nanomaterials was funded over
the past decade by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy (DOE),
DefenseAdvanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) via the Office of Naval Research (ONR),
and private corporations. The staff of Taylor & Francis helped immensely in preparing this volume
for publication.
Yury Gogotsi
Philadelphia, PA
© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Editor
Dr. Yury Gogotsi is professor of materials science and engineering at Drexel University in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He also holds appointments in the Departments of Chemistry and
Mechanical Engineering at Drexel University and serves as director of the A.J. Drexel
Nanotechnology Institute and associate dean of the College of Engineering. He received his M.S.
(1984) and Ph.D. (1986) degrees from Kiev Polytechnic and a D.Sc. degree from the Institute of
Materials Science, Ukrainian Academy of Science, in 1995. His research group works on carbon
nanotubes, nanoporous carbide-derived carbons, and nanofluidics. He has also contributed to the
areas of structural ceramics, corrosion of ceramic materials, and pressure-induced phase transfor-
mations,creating a new research field called high pressure surface science and engineering. He has
coauthored 2 books, edited 9 books, obtained more than 20 patents, and authored about 200 jour-
nal papers and 12 book chapters. He has advised a large number of M.S., Ph.D., and post-doctoral
students at Drexel University and University of Illinois at Chicago.
Gogotsi has received several awards for his research, including I.N. Frantsevich Prize from the
Ukrainian Academy of Science, S. Somiya Award from the International Union of Materials
Research Societies, G.C. Kuczynski Prize from the International Institute for the Science of
Sintering, and Roland B. Snow Award from the American Ceramic Society (twice). He has been
elected a fellow of the American Ceramic Society,academician of the WorldAcademy of Ceramics,
and full member of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering.
© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Contributors
François Béguin Gary McGuire
Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée International Technology Center
CNRS-Université Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Orléans, France
Alexi Nikitin
J.D. Carey Department of Materials Science and
Advanced Technology Institute Engineering
University of Surrey Drexel University
Guildford, United Kingdom Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Svetlana Dimovski Maurizio Prato
Department of Materials Science and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
Engineering Università degli Studi di Trieste
Drexel University Trieste, Italy
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Eduard G. Rakov
Fangming Du D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Technology
Engineering Moscow, Russia
University of Pennsylvania
Olga Shenderova
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
International Technology Center
John E. Fischer Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Department of Materials Science and
S.R.P. Silva
Engineering
Advanced Technology Institute
University of Pennsylvania
University of Surrey
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Guildford, United Kingdom
Elzbieta Frackowiak
Nikos Tagmatarchis
Institute of Chemistry and Technical
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
Electrochemistry
Università degli Studi di Trieste
Poznan´ University of Technology
Trieste, Italy
Poznan´, Poland
Karen I. Winey
Yury Gogotsi
Department of Materials Science and
Department of Materials Science and
Engineering
Engineering
University of Pennsylvania
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Gleb Yushin
Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
Department of Materials Science and
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
Engineering
Università degli Studi di Trieste
Drexel University
Trieste, Italy
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Fullerenes and Their Derivatives..................................................................................1
Aurelio Mateo-Alonso, Nikos Tagmatarchis, and Maurizio Prato
Chapter 2 Carbon Nanotubes: Structure and Properties..............................................................41
John E. Fischer
Chapter 3 Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes................................................................................77
Eduard G. Rakov
Chapter 4 Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals................................................149
Svetlana Dimovski and Yury Gogotsi
Chapter 5 Nanocrystalline Diamond.........................................................................................175
Olga Shenderova and Gary McGuire
Chapter 6 Carbide-Derived Carbon...........................................................................................211
Gleb Yushin,Alexi Nikitin, and Yury Gogotsi
Chapter 7 Nanotubes in Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites.........................................255
Fangming Du and Karen I. Winey
Chapter 8 Nanostructured Materials for Field Emission Devices.............................................275
J.D. Carey and S.R.P. Silva
Chapter 9 Nanotextured Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage....................................295
François Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak
© 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
