Table Of ContentEnvironmental Footprints and Eco-design
of Products and Processes
Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu Editor
Carbon
Footprint
Case Studies
Municipal Solid Waste Management,
Sustainable Road Transport and Carbon
Sequestration
Environmental Footprints and Eco-design
of Products and Processes
SeriesEditor
SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthu,HeadofSustainability-SgTGroupandAPI,
HongKong,Kowloon,HongKong
IndexedbyScopus
Thisseriesaimstobroadlycoveralltheaspectsrelatedtoenvironmentalassessment
ofproducts,developmentofenvironmentalandecologicalindicatorsandeco-design
ofvariousproductsandprocesses.Belowaretheareasfallundertheaimsandscope
ofthisseries,butnotlimitedto:EnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessment;SocialLife
Cycle Assessment; Organizational and Product Carbon Footprints; Ecological,
Energy and Water Footprints; Life cycle costing; Environmental and sustainable
indicators; Environmental impact assessment methods and tools; Eco-design
(sustainable design) aspects and tools; Biodegradation studies; Recycling; Solid
waste management; Environmental and social audits; Green Purchasing and tools;
Product environmental footprints; Environmental management standards and
regulations; Eco-labels; Green Claims and green washing; Assessment of sustain-
abilityaspects.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13340
Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu
Editor
Carbon Footprint Case
Studies
Municipal Solid Waste Management,
Sustainable Road Transport and Carbon
Sequestration
Editor
SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthu
HeadofSustainability
SgTGroupandAPI
Kowloon,HongKong
ISSN2345-7651 ISSN2345-766X (electronic)
EnvironmentalFootprintsandEco-designofProductsandProcesses
ISBN978-981-15-9576-9 ISBN978-981-15-9577-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9577-6
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore
PteLtd.2021
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether
thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse
ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and
transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar
ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Thisbookisdedicatedto:
ThelotusfeetofmybelovedLord
Pazhaniandavar
MybelovedlateFather
MybelovedMother
MybelovedWifeKarpagamand
Daughters—AnuandKarthika
MybelovedBrother—Raghavan
Everyoneworkinginvariousindustrial
sectorstoreducethecarbonfootprintto
makeourplanetearthSUSTAINABLE
Contents
CarbonFootprint:Concept,MethodologyandCalculation ............ 1
FlavioScrucca,GraziaBarberio,ValentinaFantin,PierLuigiPorta,
andMarcoBarbanera
CarbonFootprintofFoodWasteManagement:ACaseStudy
inRioDeJaneiro .................................................. 33
LuízaSantanaFranca, BernardoOrnelas-Ferreira,
GiovannaMariadaCostaCorrêa, GlaydstonMattosRibeiro,
andJoãoPauloBassin
CarbonFootprintofKarnataka:AccountingofSourcesandSinks ..... 53
T.V.RamachandraandSetturuBharath
AnOverviewonCostsofShiftingtoSustainableRoadTransport:
AChallengeforCitiesWorldwide ................................... 93
AndreaSouzaSantos, VictorHugoSouzadeAbreu,
TassiaFariadeAssis,SuzanaKahnRibeiro,andGlaydstonMattosRibeiro
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste
Management:AReviewofGlobalScenario .......................... 123
MeenuGautamandMadhoolikaAgrawal
vii
About the Editor
Dr.SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthu currently working for SgT Group and
APIastheHeadofSustainabilityandisbasedoutofHongKong.HeearnedhisPh.D.
fromTheHongKongPolytechnicUniversityandisarenownedexpertintheareas
ofEnvironmentalSustainabilityinTextiles&ClothingSupplyChain,ProductLife
CycleAssessment(LCA)andProductCarbonFootprintAssessment(PCF)invarious
industrialsectors.Hehas5yearsofindustrialexperienceintextilemanufacturing,
researchanddevelopment,andtextiletestingandoveradecadeofexperienceinLife
Cycle Assessment (LCA), carbon and ecological footprints assessment of various
consumerproducts.Hehaspublishedmorethan100researchpublications,written
numerousbookchapters,andauthored/edited over95booksintheareasofCarbon
Footprint,Recycling,EnvironmentalAssessment,andEnvironmentalSustainability.
ix
Carbon Footprint: Concept,
Methodology and Calculation
FlavioScrucca,GraziaBarberio,ValentinaFantin,PierLuigiPorta,
andMarcoBarbanera
Abstract Carbonfootprint(CF)isnowadaysoneofthemostwidelyusedenviron-
mental indicators and calculations of CF have been recently in very high demand.
Many approaches, methodologies and tools, from simplified online calculators to
other more scientific and complex life-cycle based methods, have been developed
andareavailableforestimations.CFevaluationsare,ingeneral,focusedonproducts
and organizations, but calculation approach have been developed also for specific
themes/sectors,suchasforinstancecities,individuals,households,farms,etc.This
chapterisaimedatgivinganupdatedandcomprehensiveoverviewontheconceptof
CF,andalsoonmethodologies,technicalstandards,protocolsandtoolsforitscalcu-
lation.AttentionisfocusedonthetwomainandusualscopesofCFassessment,i.e.
products and organizations, but also on other relevant specific study subjects, also
discussingmethodologicaldifferencesandissues.
· · ·
Keywords Carbonfootprint Methodology Lifecycleassessment Product
· · ·
environmentalfootprint Carbonfootprintcalculators Environmentallabelling
·
Greenhousegasemissions Globalwarming
B
F.Scrucca( )·G.Barberio·V.Fantin·P.L.Porta
DepartmentofSustainability,ENEA-ItalianNationalAgencyforNewTechnologies,Energyand
SustainableEconomicDevelopment,Rome,Italy
e-mail:fl[email protected]
G.Barberio
e-mail:[email protected]
V.Fantin
e-mail:[email protected]
P.L.Porta
e-mail:[email protected]
M.Barbanera
DepartmentofEconomics,Engineering,SocietyandBusinessOrganization,UniversityofTuscia,
Viterbo,Italy
e-mail:[email protected]
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicenseto 1
SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021
S.S.Muthu(eds.),CarbonFootprintCaseStudies,EnvironmentalFootprints
andEco-designofProductsandProcesses,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9577-6_1
2 F.Scruccaetal.
1 Introduction
Itisnowadaysrecognizedthatgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionrepresentsaglobal
environmentalproblem[19],andthatthenonstopemissionofGHGbyhumanactiv-
itiesisresponsibleforanaggravationoftheglobalwarmingtrend,withconsequent
negativeeffectsonnaturalsystemsandalsoontheeconomies[76,32].
The aim to reduce GHG emissions has gained—and is increasingly gaining—
worldwide consensus and the global climate policies and actions (such as, for
instance,theParisAgreementor,attheEuropeanlevel,therecentGreenDealandthe
otherkeylegislationandpolicies)confirmtheinternationalcommunityefforttodeal
withglobalwarminginasystemicandtrans-sectoralway.Theperspectiveofcarbon
emissionanalysishasbeengraduallyturnedfromthe“macro”(global/nationalscale)
tothe“micro”level,i.e.totheaccountingofGHGemissionsrelatedtoindividual,
productsorcorporateactivities,sotounderstandtheproblemindepthandtodevelop
specificmeasures.
Insuchacontext,theconceptofCarbonFootprint(CF)hasconsiderablyevolved,
becoming an important and widely used indicator of GHG emissions that has
played—andisstillplaying—animportantroleinpopularizingtheissuesofclimate
changeandenvironmentalimpactofsystemsandproductsalongthewholelifecycle.
Accordingly,thelifecyclethinkingapproach,thatallowsrelationshipsamongindus-
trialissues,sustainability,researchandinnovation,hasbecomecommonlyaccepted
asstrategic.
Severalapproaches,methodologiesandtools—fromsimplifiedonlinecalculators
toothermorescientificandcomplexlife-cyclebasedmethods—havebeendeveloped
andareavailableforCFestimations,withamainfocusonproductsandorganizations,
butalsoconsideringspecificthemes/sectors.CFresearch,therefore,actuallycovers
awiderangeoftopics,suchascountries,cities,organizations,enterprises,families,
andindividuals,butdifferentmethodologicalissues(e.g.criticalissuesindefining
theCFmodel)stillaffectCFcalculation.Accordingtothis,notsurprisingly,thetopic
“CFcalculationmethods”isoneofthecurrentlypopulartopicsinresearch[87].
Moreover,inparalleltotheCFconceptevolution,otherfootprintconceptshave
been developed, also as a consequence of “communication issues” related to CF.
Asamatteroffact,itemergedthattoprovideacompleteinformationontheenvi-
ronmental performance of a system/product to the general public, not GHG emis-
sions but other environmental impacts are the most significant. Consequently, the
needfordevelopingaharmonizedenvironmentalfootprintmethodologythatcanbe
unique,representativeandthatcompriseasetofrelevantenvironmentalperformance
indicatorshasbecomemoreandmoreconcreteinrecentyears.
Thischapterisaimedatgivinganupdatedandcomprehensiveoverviewonthe
conceptofCF,methodologies,technicalstandards,protocolsandtoolsforitscalcu-
lationandalsoatprovidinganinsightonCF-derivedfootprints,suchastheProduct
EnvironmentalFootprintproposedbytheEuropeanCommission.
Section2providesgeneraloverviewontheevolutionandtheconceptualization
of CF, presenting the main differences between its calculation at the organization
