Table Of ContentCARBON DOTS IN AGRICULTURAL
SYSTEMS
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CARBON DOTS IN
AGRICULTURAL
SYSTEMS
Strategies to Enhance Plant Productivity
Edited by
R K
AJU HAN
CSIR-AdvancedMaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India
S. M
URALI
CSIR-AdvancedMaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India
S G
ATYABRAT OGOI
DepartmentofChemistry,SchoolofBasicSciences,TheAssamKazirangaUniversity,Jorhat,Assam,India
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Contents
List of contributors ix 2.4.3 Fuelcells 29
Preface xi 2.4.4 Solarcells 30
2.4.5 Photocatalysts 30
Acknowledgments xv
2.5 Environmentalandagricultural
applications 30
1. Carbon dots—an overview 1
2.6 Conclusions 32
PushpeshRanjan,RajuKhan,SatyabratGogoi,S.Murali,Mohd. References 32
AbubakarSadique,ShaluYadavandAkramKhan
3. Overview of carbon dot synthesis 39
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Synthesistechniquesforcarbondots 2 GeetiKaberiDuttaandNiranjanKarak
1.2.1 Top-downapproach 3
3.1 Introduction 39
1.2.2 Bottom-upapproach 6
3.2 Synthesisofcarbondots 42
1.3 Challengesinthesynthesisofcarbondots 7
3.2.1 Physicalmethods 42
1.4 Propertiesofcarbondots 7
3.2.2 Chemicalmethods 46
1.5 Potentialapplicationsofcarbondots 9
3.3 Modificationofcarbondots 52
1.5.1 Biosensors 10
3.3.1 Formationofnanohybrid 53
1.5.2 Bioimaging 12
3.3.2 Surfacefunctionalization 53
1.5.3 Therapeutics 12
3.3.3 Dopingofcarbondot 54
1.5.4 Antimicrobial 13
3.4 Greensynthesis 55
1.6 Usesofcarbondotsinagriculture 13
3.4.1 Biomass 55
1.7 Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 16
3.4.2 Sustainablesynthesistechnique 58
Acknowledgments 16
3.5 Conclusionsandoutlook 59
References 16
References 60
2. Current trends in carbon dots 4. Synthesis of carbon dots from biomass
applications 21 resources 69
JoannaD.Stachowska,SpyridonGavalasandAntoniosKelarakis SalihaDinc¸,MeryemKaraandEmineYavuz
2.1 Introduction 21 4.1 Introduction 69
2.2 Biomedicalapplications 23 4.2 AnoverviewofbiomasssourcesusedforCD
2.2.1 Bioimaging 23 synthesis 71
2.2.2 Drugrelease 24 4.2.1 Plantsandfoods 71
2.2.3 Photothermaltherapy 25 4.2.2 Biomasswastes 78
2.2.4 Antimicrobialtreatment 25 4.2.3 Microorganisms 84
2.3 Nanoforensics 26 4.2.4 Otherbiomasses 89
2.3.1 Fingerprinting 26 4.3 Routesofsynthesis 89
2.3.2 Anticounterfeit 27 4.3.1 Hydrothermalsynthesis 89
2.4 Energystorageandconversion 27 4.3.2 Microwave-assistedsynthesis 93
2.4.1 Batteries 27 4.3.3 Pyrolysis 95
2.4.2 Supercapacitors 29 4.3.4 Chemicaloxidation 98
v
vi
Contents
4.3.5 Ultrasonic-assistedsynthesis 99 7. Exemplary evidence of bio-nano
4.3.6 Othersynthesismethods 100 crosstalk between carbon dots and plant
4.4 Conclusionandfutureaspects 101
systems 155
References 103
RocktotpalKonwarh,EbrahimM.Abda,SimatsidkHareguand
AnandPratapSingh
5. Physical and chemical properties of 7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Synthesis,structure,andafewphysicochemical
carbon dots 117
characteristicsofcarbondots 156
PushpeshRanjan,RajuKhan,ShaluYadav, 7.3 Carbondotsuptake,translocation,and
Mohd.AbubakarSadique,S.MuraliandM.K.Ban
accumulationbyplants 157
5.1 Introduction 117 7.4 Bio-nanocross-talksbetweencarbondotsand
5.2 Propertiesofcarbondots 118 plants 159
5.2.1 Opticalproperties 118 7.4.1 Exemplaryevidenceofstimulatoryand
5.2.2 Photoluminescenceproperty 125 inhibitoryeffectsofcarbondotsonplant
5.2.3 Phosphorescenceproperty 125 growthanddevelopment 159
5.2.4 Photostability 126 7.4.2 Effectofcarbondotonphotosynthesis
5.2.5 Solubilityofcarbondots 127 andnutrientaccumulation 164
5.2.6 Cytotoxicityofcarbondots 127 7.4.3 Cancarbondotinfluencetheresistance
5.2.7 Chemicalinertness 129 inplantstowardabiotic/biotic
5.2.8 Photo-inducedelectrontransfer stress? 165
property 129 7.4.4 Afewreportsoncarbondot-mediated
5.3 Summary 130 bio-freightconveyanceintoplants 166
Acknowledgments 131 7.5 Conclusion 168
References 131 References 169
8. Carbon dots in agricultural system 175
6. Optical properties of carbon dots and ShwetaTripathiandSabyasachiSarkar
their applications 135 8.1 Introduction 175
AnuragDutta,RekhaRaniDuttaandSatyabratGogoi 8.2 Explorationofwater-solublenanocarbondotsin
agriculture 176
6.1 Introduction 135 8.2.1 Synthesisofwater-solublecarbon
6.2 Carbondotstructure 137 dots 176
6.3 Opticalproperties 139 8.2.2 Characterizationofwater-soluble
6.3.1 Lightabsorption 139 nanocarbondots 177
6.3.2 Fluorescence 140 8.2.3 InfluenceofwsCNDonthegrowthof
6.3.3 Chemicalluminescence 142 plantsunderlightanddark
6.3.4 Electrochemiluminescence 142 conditions 178
6.3.5 Phosphorescence 142 8.2.4 Effectofcarbondotsonphotosynthesis
6.4 Mechanism 143 inplants 180
6.5 Opticalpropertiesbasedapplicationsof 8.2.5 Carbondotsimpacttheresistanceof
CDs 145 plants(abiotic/bioticstress) 180
6.5.1 Lightharvestingcapabilityand 8.2.6 Carbondotshelpinnitrogen
photosynthesis 145 fixation 184
6.5.2 Carbondot-basedsensors 146 8.3 Historicalperspective 184
6.6 Conclusions 149 8.3.1 Traditionalquantumdots 184
References 149 8.3.2 Carbondots 185
vii
Contents
8.4 Carbondots—intransportationand 9.3.1 Applicationofcarbondotsthroughin
assimilationofnutrients 186 variousdomains 209
8.5 Roleofcarbondotsexploitedtocarry 9.4 Conclusions 216
fertilizersinmicrodosestomimicorganic References 216
farming 188
8.5.1 Carbonquantumdotsbeingusedas 10. Role of carbon dots in agricultural
growthpromoters 188 systems: biotechnology and
8.5.2 Carbonquantumdotsbeingusedfor
nanotechnology approach 225
developmentalstudiesofplantandseed
growth 189 BabitaJoshi,LipikaKhataniarandB.S.Bhau
8.5.3 Carbonquantumdotsusedtoinduce
10.1 Introduction 225
diseaseresistanceinplantsystems 189
10.2 Agricultureproduceandresiduesascarbon
8.5.4 Carbonquantumdotsactionas
dotsprecursors:sustainablesynthesisandwaste
photocatalyst 189
management 227
8.5.5 Nontoxicityofcarbonquantumdotson
10.3 Bioimaging 228
bacterialgrowthdevelopmentinaplant
10.4 Biosensors 230
system 190
10.5 Impactofcarbondotsonplantsystems 231
8.6 Useoffluorescentcarbondotstotracedefects
10.6 Agriculturalbioremediation 235
inplantsystemsandexploreasdragcarriersfor
10.7 Conclusions 236
remedialmeasures 191
References 237
8.6.1 Water-solublecarbonquantumdotsused
insensorsandphotocatalysis 191
11. Postharvest applications of carbon dots
8.6.2 Carbonquantumdotsusedin
in agriculture: food safety 241
imaging 191
8.7 Futurescopeandthenontoxicuseofsuch SatyabratGogoi,JayantaK.Sarmah,RajuKhanandS.Murali
materials 192
11.1 Introduction 241
8.7.1 Carbonquantumdotsusedinmetabolic
regulation 192 11.2 Propertiesofcarbondotsforfoodsafety
applications 243
8.7.2 Carbonquantumdotsusedforcancer
11.2.1 Opticalproperties 243
treatment 192
8.7.3 Carbonquantumdotsusedinpollution 11.2.2 Biologicalproperties 244
11.3 Carbondotsassensingplatforms 245
control 192
11.3.1 Detectionofpesticides 246
8.7.4 Carbonquantumdotsusedindyesand
environmentalassessments 193 11.3.2 Monitoringanddetectionof
pathogens 249
8.8 Conclusions 193
11.3.3 Detectionofheavymetals 252
References 194
11.4 Evaluationofthenutritionalvalue 253
11.5 Carbondotsinfoodpackaging 255
9. Comparative studies on carbon dots 11.6 Carbondotinfoodpreservation 256
applications in plant systems 199 11.7 Currentstatusandfuturechallenges 257
References 258
JejironBaruahandDebojeetSahu
9.1 Introduction 199 12. Future prospects of carbon dots
9.2 Carbondots 200 application in agriculture 263
9.2.1 Generalpropertiesandsynthesisof
S.Murali,RajuKhan,SatyabratGogoi,
carbondots 201
R.K.MorchhaleandAyushiSinghal
9.2.2 Biomedicalapplicationsofcarbon
dots 203 12.1 Introduction 263
9.3 Applicationofcarbondotsinagriculture 209 12.2 Synthesisofcarbondots 265
viii
Contents
12.2.1 Approachestosynthesisofcarbon 12.5 Photosyntheticeffectofcarbondots:effecton
dots 265 plantphysiologyandcropyields 271
12.2.2 Synthesisofcarbondotsfrom 12.6 Futureprospectsandapplicationsofcarbon
agriculturalresidues:aconceptof dots 274
recycling 266 12.6.1 Carbondots-basedfertilizers 274
12.3 Characteristicsofcarbondotswithreference 12.6.2 Carbondots-basedsensorsand
toagriculturalapplications 267 detectors 276
12.4 Mechanismandeffectofcarbondotsonplant 12.7 Safetyaspectofcarbondotsinagriculture
systems 268 systems 278
12.4.1 Kineticsofcarbondotsinplant 12.8 Conclusions 279
systems 269 References 280
12.4.2 Uptakeandtranslocationmechanism
ofcarbondotsinplants 269 Index 287
List of contributors
Ebrahim M. Abda Department of Babita Joshi Plant Molecular Genetics
Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical
TechnologyUniversity,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia; Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,
Centre of Excellence-Nanotechnology, Addis India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Ababa Science and Technology University, Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NBRI Campus,
AddisAbaba,Ethiopia Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India
M.K. Ban CSIR-Advanced Materials and Meryem Kara Cumra Vocational High School,
Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), SelcukUniversity,Konya,Turkey
Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India
Niranjan Karak Advanced Polymer and
Jejiron Baruah Department of Chemistry, Nanomaterial Laboratory, Department of
NorthLakhimpurCollege,NorthLakhimpur, Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University,
Assam,India Tezpur,Assam,India
B.S. Bhau Department of Botany, Central Antonios Kelarakis UCLan Research Centre
University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and for Smart Materials, School of Natural
Kashmir,India Sciences, University of Central Lancashire,
Saliha Dinc¸ Cumra School of Applied Preston,UnitedKingdom
Sciences,SelcukUniversity,Konya,Turkey Akram Khan CSIR-Advanced Materials and
Anurag Dutta Department of Chemistry, Processes Research Institute (AMPRI),
School of Basic Sciences, The Assam Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of
KazirangaUniversity,Jorhat,Assam,India Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR),
Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
Geeti Kaberi Dutta Advanced Polymer and
Nanomaterial Laboratory, Department of Raju Khan CSIR-Advanced Materials and
Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Processes Research Institute (AMPRI),
Tezpur,Assam,India Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of
Rekha Rani Dutta Department of Chemistry, Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR),
Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
School of Basic Sciences, The Assam
KazirangaUniversity,Jorhat,Assam,India Lipika Khataniar Department of Biotechnology,
Spyridon Gavalas UCLan Research Centre for SchoolofBasicSciences,TheAssamKaziranga
University,Jorhat,Assam,India
Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences,
University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Rocktotpal Konwarh Uniglobe Scientific Pvt.
UnitedKingdom Ltd.,NewDelhi,India
Satyabrat Gogoi Department of Chemistry, R.K.Morchhale CSIR-AdvancedMaterialsand
School of Basic Sciences, The Assam Processes Research Institute (AMPRI),
KazirangaUniversity,Jorhat,Assam,India Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Academy of
SimatsidkHaregu DepartmentofBiotechnology, Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR),
Addis Ababa Science and Technology Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
University,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia
ix
