Carbon-based Nanomaterials and Hybrids: Synthesis, Properties, and Commercial Applications

216 Pages·2014·26.088 MB·English

by  Hans J. Fecht, Kai Brühne

In recent decades nanotechnology has developed into a highly multidisciplinary topic, C
drawing from a number of fields such as physics, materials science, biomedicine, and a edited by
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different engineering disciplines. The success of nanoscience- and nanotechnology-related b
research and products is connected with the technological exploitation of size effects in o Hans-Jörg Fecht | Kai Brühne | Peter Gluche
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structures and materials and is, therefore, related to its impact on the society of the future.
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This most recent trend has been taken up here and represents the main focus of this a
s
book applied to carbon-based materials, including nanocrystalline diamond, aerogels, e
and carbon nanotubes. The book compiles and details cutting-edge research, and several d Carbon-based
applications are described within the field of energy, microelectronics, and biomedicine. N
Beyond that, a perspective is given including a diversity of industrial applications and a
market opportunities for C-based nanoscale materials and devices in the future. n
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m
nanomaterials
a
t
Hans-Jörg Fecht is director of the Institute of Micro and Nanomaterials, e
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which he founded in 1997 at the University of Ulm, Germany. Prof. Fecht
i
a
has held professorships at the University of Augsburg, Technical University
l
Berlin, and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany and is chaired s and Hybrids

professor at the University of Ulm since 1997. He is guest professor at a
n
several universities in China, India, and Japan. As an expert in the field of
d
materials science, materials engineering, and nanotechnology, he received
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the prestigious G. F. Leibniz award in 1998 and has coauthored more than
y
400 technical papers and coorganized several international conferences b Synthesis, Properties, and Commercial Applications
and workshops. He is a longstanding member of several international r
i
advisory boards and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Salzburg, d
Austria. s
Kai Brühne is a senior researcher at the Institute of Micro and Nanomaterials,
University of Ulm, Germany. Dr.-Ing. Brühne’s present research interests
include the deposition and analysis of nanocrystalline diamond films grown
by hot-filament chemical vapor depositions (CVDs). He won the “VDI Preis
für Innovative Werkstoffanwendungen 2004” together with Prof. Hans-Jörg F
e
Fecht and Dr.-Ing. Peter Gluche. c
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t
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B
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Peter Gluche is managing director of GFD (Gesellschaft für Diamant- ü
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produkte mbH), Ulm, Germany, and CEO of the Swiss subsidiary Diamaze n
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Microtechnology SA (DMT), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. He studied
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microelectronics and received a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the l
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University of Ulm. Dr.-Ing. Gluche is a founding member of GFD, which c
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is a spin-off from the University of Ulm and the DaimlerChrysler Research
e
Centre, Ulm. He is author and coauthor of various scientific publications
and book chapters in the fields of electrical engineering and materials
science.
V291
ISBN 978-981-4316-85-9
CARBON-BASED
NANOMATERIALS
AND HYBRIDS
Oxide
Nanostructures
Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
CARBON-BASED
NANOMATERIALS
AND HYBRIDS
Synthesis, Properties, and Commercial Applications
editors
edited by
Preben Maegaard
Hans-Jörg Fecht | Kai Brühne | Peter Gluche
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20140423
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Contents
Preface
1. C- Based Materials on a Nanoscale: Synthesis, xi
Properties, Applications, and Economical Aspects 1
Hans-Jörg Fecht and Kai Brühne
2. Synthesis of Nanodiamond 5
Matthias Wiora, Kai Brühne, and Hans-Jörg Fecht
2.1 Substrate Pretreatment 6
2.1.1 Manual Scratching 8
2.1.2 Bias-Enhanced Nucleation 9
2.1.3 Nanoseeding 11
2.2 CVD Techniques for Diamond Growth 13
2.2.1 Principles of CVD 13
2.2.2 Hot-Filament CVD 15
2.2.3 Microwave Plasma CVD 17
2.3 Microcrystalline vs. Nanocrystalline Diamond 17
2.3.1 Microcrystalline Diamond Films 18
2.3.2 (Ultra-)Nanocrystalline Diamond Films 23
2.4 Growth Parameter Variation 28
2.4.1 Role of Pressure 29
2.4.2 Role of the Gas Mixture (CH4, O2, N2) 32
3. 2A.d5v anceSdu mCamrbaorny Aerogels for Energy Applications 3469
Juergen Biener, Michael Stadermann, Matthew Suss,
Marcus A. Worsley, Monika M. Biener, and
Theodore F. Baumann
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Applications 52
3.2.1 Hydrogen Storage 52
3.2.2 Supercapacitors and Batteries 53
3.2.3 Capacitive Deionization 55
3.2.4 Catalysis 55
vi Contents
3.3 Design of Carbon Aerogels 56
3.3.1 Synthesis 56
3.3.2 Activation 59
3.3.3 Incorporation of Modifiers 61
3.3.4 Templating 63
3.3.5 Surface Functionalization 64
4. 3Ca.4r bon SEulemctmroanriycs 6789
Colin Johnston
4.1 Diamond 79
4.2 Diamond-Like Carbon 86
4.3 Carbon Nanotubes 87
4.4 Graphene 93
4.5 Fullerenes 99
5. 4N.a6n oscoCpoinc cInlutseirofancsi al Water Layers on Nanocrystalline 101
Diamond: From Biosensors to Nanomedicine 105
Andrei P. Sommer and Hans-Jörg Fecht
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Nanoscopic Interfacial Water Layers 107
5.2.1 Nanoscopic Interfacial Water Layers
and Material Surfaces 109
5.3 Nanomedicine 110
5.4 Robust and Self-Sufficient Diamond-Based
Biosensors 115
5.5 Nanoscopic Interfacial Water Layers on
Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond: Model for
Proton Transport in Cells 117
6. 5Sy.6n thesCiso onfc Cluasriboonns Nanotubes and Their Relevant 118
Properties 125
Aljoscha Roch, Esther Roch Talens, Beata Lehmann,
Oliver Jost, and Andreas Leson
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Subdivision and Structure of Carbon
Nanotubes 126
Contents vii
6.3 Properties of SWCNTs 129
6.3.1 Electronic Band Structure of SWCNTs 130
6.3.2 Density of States and Optical
Properties of SWCNTs 131
6.4 Characterization of SWCNTs 132
6.4.1 Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 132
6.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy 135
G G
6.4.2.1 Radial breathing mode 135
D+ D–
6.4.2.2 and peaks 136
6.4.2.3 and ´ peaks 137
6.5 Synthesis of SWCNTs 138
6.5.1 CVD for Synthesis of SWCNTs 138
6.5.2 SWCNT Synthesis by Laser
Evaporation 139
6.5.3 SWCNT Synthesis by Continuous Arc
Discharge 139
6.5.4 SWCNT Synthesis by Pulsed Arc
Discharge 140
6.5.5 Selective Synthesis of m- and
sc-SWCNTs 141
6.6 Comparison of Different CNT Materials 143
6.6.1 Characterization of Purified
Carbon Nanotubes by Raman and
Transmission Electron Microscopy 143
6.6.1.1 Characterization of
transparent conductive
films containing purified
7. Industrial Applications andca Crobmonm nearncioatl uPbeerssp ectives 146
of Nanocrystalline Diamond 155
Matthias Wiora, Ralph Gretzschel, Stefan Strobel,
and Peter Gluche
7.1 General Aspects and Applications 156
7.2 CVD Diamond in a Mechanical Watch
Movement 158
7.3 Micro-/Nanostructuring of CVD Diamond 161
7.3.1 All-Diamond Parts 161
7.3.2 Diamond-Coated Silicon Parts 164
viii Contents
8. 7Ec.4o nomSicu Amnmalayrsyis of Market Opportunities for CNTs 167
and Nanodiamond 171
Matthias Werner, Mario Markanovic,
Catharina-Sophie Ciesla, and Leif Brand
8.1 Introduction 172
8.1.1 Definition 173
8.1.2 Overview 173
8.1.2.1 Carbon nanotubes 173
8.1.2.2 Nanodiamond 175
8.1.2.3 Comparison of carbon
nanotubes and nanodiamond
(Table 8.1) 176
8.2 Scientific and Technological Aspects 178
8.2.1 State of R&D 178
8.2.1.1 Nanoelectronics (TRL 1) 178
8.2.1.2 Biomedical applications
(TRL 1 to TRL 2) 179
8.2.1.3 Biocompatibility (TRL 2) 179
8.2.1.4 Hydrogen storage (TRL 2) 180
8.2.1.5 Displays (TRL 3) 180
8.2.1.6 Sensors (TRL 3) 180
8.2.1.7 Electrochemical applications
(TRL 3 to TRL 4) 181
8.2.1.8 Composite materials (TRL 4) 181
8.2.1.9 Production of polymer
composites (TRL 4) 181
8.2.1.10 Technical production of
carbon nanotubes (TRL 5) 182
8.2.2 Additional Demand for Research 184
8.2.3 Applications and Perspectives 185
8.2.4 Current Situation within the EU 186
8.3 Economic Aspects 187
8.3.1 General Market Description 187
8.3.2 Drivers and Barriers 189
8.3.3 Boundary Conditions 191
8.3.4 Economic Information and Analysis 192
8.3.5 Patent Analysis 193
Contents ix
8.3.5.1 Carbon nanotubes 193
Index 8.3.5.2 Nanodiamond 195
201