Carbohydrate Biochemistry and Metabolism

221 Pages·1984·13.902 MB·English

by  Karla L. Roehrig

CARBOHYDRATE BIOCHEMISTRY
AND METABOLISM
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CARBOHYDRATE
BIOCHEMISTRY AND
METABOLISM
Karla L. Roehrig
Department of Food Science
and Nutrition
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
avi
AVI PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
Westport, Connecticut
Copyright 1984 by
THE AVI PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
Westport, Connecticut
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copy¬
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Roehrig, Karla L.
Carbohydrate biochemistry and metabolism.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Carbohydrates—Metabolism. 2. Carbohydrates—
Metabolism—Disorders. I. Title.
QP701.R58 1984 599'.01'33 83-22476
ISBN 0-87055-447-6
Printed in the United States of America
To my husband and my parents
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Contents
Preface xi
Introduction xiii
PART I CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY AND NOMENCLATURE 1
1 Carbohydrate Monomers 3
A. Historical Background 3
B. Monosaccharides 4
C. Axial and Equitorial Configurations 7
D. Reactions of Monosaccharides 10
E. Summary 11
Review Questions 12
Bibliography 12
2 Types of Simple Carbohydrates 13
A. Amino Sugars and Other Derivatives 13
B. Sugar Acids 14
C. Deoxysugars 14
D. Muramic and Neuraminic Acids 15
E. Disaccharides 16
F. Trisaccharides 17
G. Summary 17
Review Questions 18
Bibliography 18
3 Types of Complex Carbohydrates 19
A. Introduction and Definitions 19
B. Storage Polysaccharides 19
C. Structural Polysaccharides 21
D. Mucopolysaccharides 22
E. Glycoproteins 23
F. Glycolipids 24
G. Summary 25
Review Questions 25
Bibliography 26
PART II DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES 27
4 Digestion of Simple Carbohydrates 29
A. Perception of Sweet Taste 29
B. Role of Salivary Glands 30
C. Absorption of Simple Carbohydrates 31
Vll
viii Contents
D. Summary 34
Review Questions 34
Bibliography 35
5 Digestion of More Complex Carbohydrates 37
A. Disaccharides 37
B. Polysaccharides 38
C. Cellulose 40
D. Hemicellulose 42
E. Summary 43
Review Questions 43
Bibliography 43
6 High Fiber Diets 45
A. Types of Dietary Fiber 45
B. Fiber and Diabetes 45
C. Mechanisms of Fiber Action 46
D. Summary 47
Review Questions 48
Bibliography 48
7 Relationship of Digestive Processes to Regulation of
Metabolic Events 49
A. Enteroinsular Axis and Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide 49
B. Other Gut Hormones Important in Digestive Regulation 51
C. Summary 56
Review Questions 56
Bibliography 56
PART III CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 59
8 The Metabolic Fate of Glucose 61
A. Tissue Distribution 61
B. Glycolysis 63
C. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 69
D. Oxidative Phosphorylation 75
E. Amino Acid Synthesis 76
F. Lipid Synthesis 77
G. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt 79
H. Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation 82
I. Summary 86
Review Questions 86
Bibliography 87
9 Synthesis of Glucose and Some Other Major Mono- and
Disaccharides 89
A. Gluconeogenesis 89
B. Galactose and Lactose 93
C. Amino Sugars 94
D. UDP Glucoronate 94
E. Fructose 98
F. Sucrose Synthesis 100
G. Summary 101
Review Questions 101
Bibliography 101
Contents ix
10 Metabolism of Complex Carbohydrates 103
A. Introduction to Polysaccharide Synthesis 103
B. Sulfation of Polysaccharides 104
C. Metabolism of Mucopolysaccharides 105
D. Metabolism of Glycoproteins 108
E. Summary 113
Review Questions 113
Bibliography 114
11 Hormonal Effects on Carbohydrate Metabolism 115
A. Introduction 115
B. Insulin and Glucagon 116
C. Catecholamines 123
D. Glucocorticoids 124
E. Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) 126
F. Other Hormonal Effects 127
G. Summary 128
Review Questions 128
Bibliography 128
PART IV DISORDERS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM131
12 Diabetes 133
A. Types and Frequency 133
B. Treatment Modalities 137
C. Possible Causes 140
D. Summary 143
Review Questions 143
Bibliography 143
13 Glycogen Storage Diseases 145
A. Type I—Von Gierke’s Disease 145
B. Type II—Pompe’s Disease 147
C. Type III—Cori’s or Forbes Disease 148
D. Type IV—Andersen’s Disease 148
E. Type V—McArdle’s Disease 149
F. Type VI—Her’s Disease 149
G. Type VII 149
H. Type VIII 150
I. Type IX 150
J. Type X 151
K. Summary 151
Review Questions 151
Bibliography 151
14 Lactose and Galactose Errors 153
A. Lactose Intolerance i53
B. Galactosemia 156
C. Summary 158
Review Questions 159
Bibliography 159
15 Other Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism 161
A. Fructose Intolerance 161
B. Mucopolysaccharide Disorders 164