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About Capital: Volume I
German by Karl Marx and edited in part by Friedrich Engels. The book is a critical analysis of capitalism. Its first volume was published in 1867.The central driving force of capitalism, according to Marx, was in the exploitation and alienation of labour. The ultimate source of capitalist profits and surplus was the unpaid labor of wage laborers. Employers could appropriate the new output value because of their ownership of the productive capital assets—protected by the state. By producing output as capital for the employers, the workers constantly reproduced the condition of capitalism by their labor.However, though Marx is very concerned with the social aspects of commerce, his book is not an ethical treatise, but an attempt to explain the objective "laws of motion" of the capitalist system as a whole, its origins and future. He aims to reveal the causes and dynamics of the accumulation of capital, the growth of wage labor, the transformation of the workplace, the concentration of capital, competition, the banking and credit system, the tendency of the rate of profit to decline, land-rents and many other things.Marx viewed the commodity as the "cell-form" or building unit of capitalist society—it is an object useful to somebody else, but with a trading value for the owner. Because commercial transactions implied no particular morality beyond that required to settle transactions, the growth of markets caused the economic sphere and the moral-legal sphere to become separated in society: subjective moral value becomes separated from objective economic value. Political economy, which was originally thought of as a "moral science" concerned with the just distribution of wealth, or as a "political arithmetick" for tax collection, gave way to the separate disciplines of economic science, law and ethics.Marx believed the political economists could study the scientific laws of capitalism in an "objective" way, because the expansion of markets had in reality objectified most economic relations: the cash nexus stripped away all previous religious and political illusions (only to replace them, however, with another kind of illusion—commodity fetishism). Marx also says that he viewed "the economic formation of society as a process of natural history". The growth of commerce happened as a process which no individual could control or direct, creating an enormously complex web of social interconnections globally. Thus a "society" was formed "economically" before people actually began to consciously master the enormous productive capacity and interconnections they had created, in order to put it collectively to the best use.Marx’s analysis in Capital, then, focuses primarily on the structural contradictions, rather than the class antagonisms, that characterize capitalist society—the “contradictory movement [gegensätzliche Bewegung] [that] has its origin in the twofold character of labour,” rather than in the struggle between labor and capital, i.e. between the owning and the working classes. These contradictions, moreover, operate (as Marx describes using a phrase borrowed from Hegel) “behind the backs” of both the capitalists and workers, that is, as a result of their activities, and yet irreducible to their conscious awareness either as individuals or as classes. As such, Capital, does not propose a theory of revolution (led by the working class and its representatives) but rather a theory of crises as the condition for a potential revolution, or what Marx refers to in the Communist Manifesto as a potential “weapon,” “forged” by the owners of capital, “turned against the bourgeoisie itself” by the working class. Such crises, according to Marx, are rooted in the contradictory character of the commodity, the most fundamental social form of capitalist society. In capitalism, improvements in technology and rising levels of productivity increase the amount of material wealth (or use values) in society while simultaneously diminishing the economic value of this wealth, thereby lowering the rate of profit—a tendency that leads to the paradox, characteristic of crises in capitalism, of “poverty in the midst of plenty,” or more precisely, crises of overproduction in the midst of underconsumption.---«Капитал» (нем. Das Kapital) — главный труд К. Маркса по политической экономии, содержащий критический анализ капитализма.Работа написана с применением диалектико-материалистического подхода, в том числе к историческим процессам. Опубликована в 1867 году и является расширенным продолжением опубликованной в 1859 году работе «К критике политической экономии».Маркс опирался и широко использовал идеи Адама Смита и Давида Рикардо. Именно эти английские экономисты показали трудовую природу стоимости.Существование той части стоимости продукта, которую Маркс назвал прибавочной стоимостью, было установлено задолго до Маркса, точно так же с большей или меньшей ясностью было высказано, из чего она состоит, именно: из продукта того труда, за который присвоивший его не заплатил никакого эквивалента. Но дальше этого не шли. Одни — классические экономисты — самое большее исследовали количественное отношение, в котором продукт труда распределяется между рабочим и владельцем средств производства. Другие — социалисты — находили это распределение несправедливым и искали средства для устранения несправедливости. И те и другие оставались в плену экономических категорий, которые они нашли у своих предшественников.Для того чтобы знать, что такое прибавочная стоимость, он должен был знать, что такое стоимость. Прежде всего необходимо было подвергнуть критике саму теорию стоимости Рикардо. Маркс исследовал труд как способность создавать стоимость. Он установил, какой труд, почему и как образует стоимость; что стоимость вообще есть не что иное, как кристаллизованное рабочее время. Маркс исследовал затем отношение товара и денег и показал, как и почему — в силу присущего ему свойства стоимости — товар и товарный обмен должны порождать противоположность товара и денег. Основанная на этом теория есть первая исчерпывающая теория денег, получившая теперь всеобщее признание. Он исследовал превращение денег в капитал и доказал, что оно основывается на купле и продаже рабочей силы. Заменив в товарном обмене категорию «труд» на «рабочую силу» (способность к труду), он разрешил одно из противоречий, которое привело к гибели школу Рикардо: невозможность согласовать взаимный обмен овеществлённой стоимости и труда с рикардовским определением стоимости через труд.Установив разделение капитала на постоянный и переменный, Маркс смог описать ход процесса образования прибавочной стоимости и таким образом объяснить его, чего не смогли сделать его предшественники. Это разделение даёт ключ для решения многих экономических проблем.Маркс исследовал саму прибавочную стоимость и установил две её формы: абсолютную и относительную прибавочную стоимость. Он показал, какую роль играли они в историческом развитии капиталистического производства. Основываясь на теории прибавочной стоимости, он развил первую рациональную теорию заработной платы, и впервые дал основные черты истории капиталистического накопления, изложил его исторические тенденции.Скриншоты
Detailed Information
Author: | Karl Marx |
---|---|
Publication Year: | 1995 |
ISBN: | 233294 |
Pages: | 608 |
Language: | English |
File Size: | 3.347 |
Format: | |
Price: | FREE |
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